refactor(billing): remove Stripe; payments are Payple (web) and Google Play (mobile)

Stripe is not used. Keeping its checkout, portal and webhook paths meant a
second payment provider, a second return-URL format and dead UI.

- Delete the stripe-checkout, stripe-portal and stripe-webhook functions and
  their config; billing-catalog serves Payple prices only, and the web parser
  rejects a catalog that still mixes in Stripe prices.
- Web: drop the Stripe checkout/portal buttons, provider toggle and return
  notices; billing shows Payple only. Past rows with provider='stripe' are
  still displayed ("Stripe (종료)") with a support contact instead of a portal.
- Desktop: delete the Stripe checkout modal, payment IPC channels, preload
  namespace and their types; "Remove ads with Pro" opens the web billing page
  via license.openBilling. Support/refund copy names Payple.
- billingUrl() loses the Stripe-only success/canceled result option; the
  Deno contract is regenerated.
- Migrations and the DB's accepted provider values are untouched (history).
- Docs and the backlog record the removal (MON-04, EXT-STRIPE-01, GAP-BILL-03).

Verified: typecheck (desktop/web/admin/api-client/mobile), contract:check,
deno check all functions, deno test 80/80, desktop 1478/1480 on the Electron
runtime (2 known environment failures), web and admin builds, release
metadata and mobile boundary self-tests, eslint on changed files.

server/supabase/config.toml

@@ -102,19 +102,10 @@ verify_jwt = false
 # 2026 sb_publishable_ 키와 Gateway JWT 검증 비호환 — requireUser()에서 직접 인증
 verify_jwt = false
 
-[functions.stripe-checkout]
-verify_jwt = true
-
 [functions.billing-catalog]
 # requireUser supports modern publishable keys and validates the access token.
 verify_jwt = false
 
-[functions.stripe-portal]
-verify_jwt = true
-
-[functions.stripe-webhook]
-verify_jwt = false
-
 [functions.payple-checkout]
 verify_jwt = false