refactor(billing): remove Stripe; payments are Payple (web) and Google Play (mobile)

Stripe is not used. Keeping its checkout, portal and webhook paths meant a
second payment provider, a second return-URL format and dead UI.

- Delete the stripe-checkout, stripe-portal and stripe-webhook functions and
  their config; billing-catalog serves Payple prices only, and the web parser
  rejects a catalog that still mixes in Stripe prices.
- Web: drop the Stripe checkout/portal buttons, provider toggle and return
  notices; billing shows Payple only. Past rows with provider='stripe' are
  still displayed ("Stripe (종료)") with a support contact instead of a portal.
- Desktop: delete the Stripe checkout modal, payment IPC channels, preload
  namespace and their types; "Remove ads with Pro" opens the web billing page
  via license.openBilling. Support/refund copy names Payple.
- billingUrl() loses the Stripe-only success/canceled result option; the
  Deno contract is regenerated.
- Migrations and the DB's accepted provider values are untouched (history).
- Docs and the backlog record the removal (MON-04, EXT-STRIPE-01, GAP-BILL-03).

Verified: typecheck (desktop/web/admin/api-client/mobile), contract:check,
deno check all functions, deno test 80/80, desktop 1478/1480 on the Electron
runtime (2 known environment failures), web and admin builds, release
metadata and mobile boundary self-tests, eslint on changed files.

apps/desktop/src/preload/index.ts

@@ -875,16 +875,6 @@ const electronAPI = {
     checkRefund: () =>
       invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').RefundEligibilityResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.SUPPORT.CHECK_REFUND),
   },
-  // ── Multi-PG Payment & Billing ─────────────────────────
-  payment: {
-    createCheckoutSession: (params: import('@d3ro/core/types').CheckoutSessionParams) =>
-      invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').CheckoutSessionResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, params),
-    verifyPayment: () =>
-      invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').VerifyPaymentResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.VERIFY_PAYMENT),
-    getSubscriptionStatus: () =>
-      invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').SubscriptionStatusResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.GET_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUS),
-  },
-
   // ── Input telemetry (입력 수집 동의 · 리포트) ───────────
   inputTelemetry: {
     getState: () =>