refactor(billing): remove Stripe; payments are Payple (web) and Google Play (mobile)

Stripe is not used. Keeping its checkout, portal and webhook paths meant a
second payment provider, a second return-URL format and dead UI.

- Delete the stripe-checkout, stripe-portal and stripe-webhook functions and
  their config; billing-catalog serves Payple prices only, and the web parser
  rejects a catalog that still mixes in Stripe prices.
- Web: drop the Stripe checkout/portal buttons, provider toggle and return
  notices; billing shows Payple only. Past rows with provider='stripe' are
  still displayed ("Stripe (종료)") with a support contact instead of a portal.
- Desktop: delete the Stripe checkout modal, payment IPC channels, preload
  namespace and their types; "Remove ads with Pro" opens the web billing page
  via license.openBilling. Support/refund copy names Payple.
- billingUrl() loses the Stripe-only success/canceled result option; the
  Deno contract is regenerated.
- Migrations and the DB's accepted provider values are untouched (history).
- Docs and the backlog record the removal (MON-04, EXT-STRIPE-01, GAP-BILL-03).

Verified: typecheck (desktop/web/admin/api-client/mobile), contract:check,
deno check all functions, deno test 80/80, desktop 1478/1480 on the Electron
runtime (2 known environment failures), web and admin builds, release
metadata and mobile boundary self-tests, eslint on changed files.

apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/index.ts

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import { registerMeetingDocTemplateHandlers } from './meeting-doc-template-handl
 import { registerCloudSyncHandlers } from './cloud-sync-handlers'
 import { registerAdsHandlers } from './ads-handlers'
 import { registerSupportHandlers } from './support-handlers'
-import { registerPaymentHandlers } from './payment-handlers'
 import { registerInputTelemetryHandlers } from './input-telemetry-handlers'
 import { registerSuggestionHandlers } from './suggestion-handlers'
 import { getLogger } from '../services/LoggerService'
@@ -64,7 +63,6 @@ export function registerAllIpcHandlers(): void {
   registerCloudSyncHandlers()
   registerAdsHandlers()
   registerSupportHandlers()
-  registerPaymentHandlers()
   registerInputTelemetryHandlers()
   registerSuggestionHandlers()
   logger.info('All IPC handlers registered')

apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/payment-handlers.ts

@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
-// apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/payment-handlers.ts
-// Authenticated, server-authoritative checkout and subscription IPC handlers.
-
-import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
-import { ipcMain } from 'electron'
-import { IPC_CHANNELS } from '@d3ro/core/ipc-channels'
-import { ErrorCode, ipcError, ok, type IPCResult } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
-import type { CheckoutSessionParams, CheckoutSessionResult } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-import { billingUrl } from '@d3ro/core/web-urls'
-import { getCloudSyncService } from '../services/CloudSyncService'
-
-const CHECKOUT_FUNCTION = 'stripe-checkout'
-const SUBSCRIPTION_FUNCTION = 'payple-manage'
-const CHECKOUT_SUCCESS_URL = billingUrl({ result: 'success' })
-const CHECKOUT_CANCEL_URL = billingUrl({ result: 'canceled' })
-const STRIPE_CHECKOUT_ORIGIN = 'https://checkout.stripe.com'
-const STRIPE_CHECKOUT_PATH_PREFIX = '/c/pay/'
-const UUID_PATTERN = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[1-5][0-9a-f]{3}-[89ab][0-9a-f]{3}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/i
-const SERVER_ENTITLED_STATUSES = new Set([
-  'active',
-  'trialing',
-  'past_due',
-  'canceled',
-  'cancelled'
-])
-
-export const PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
-const CHECKOUT_IDEMPOTENCY_TTL_MS = 5 * 60_000
-
-type PaidTier = 'pro' | 'pro_plus'
-type CloudSyncService = ReturnType<typeof getCloudSyncService>
-
-interface CheckoutAttempt {
-  idempotencyKey: string
-  expiresAt: number
-  inFlight?: Promise<IPCResult<CheckoutSessionResult>>
-  result?: CheckoutSessionResult
-}
-
-interface SubscriptionStatus {
-  tier: 'free' | PaidTier
-  valid: boolean
-  expiresAt: number | null
-}
-
-class PaymentTimeoutError extends Error {}
-
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
-function parseCheckoutParams(value: unknown): { tier: PaidTier } | null {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return null
-  if (value.provider !== 'stripe') return null
-  if (value.tier !== 'pro' && value.tier !== 'pro_plus') return null
-  return { tier: value.tier }
-}
-
-function getAuthenticatedCloud(): { cloud: CloudSyncService; userId: string } | null {
-  const cloud = getCloudSyncService()
-  const user = cloud.getUser()
-  if (!cloud.isAuthenticated() || !user || !UUID_PATTERN.test(user.id)) return null
-  return { cloud, userId: user.id }
-}
-
-async function invokeWithDeadline(
-  cloud: CloudSyncService,
-  name: string,
-  body: Record<string, unknown>
-): Promise<{ data: unknown; error: { message: string } | null }> {
-  const controller = new AbortController()
-  let timeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
-  const deadline = new Promise<never>((_resolve, reject) => {
-    timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-      controller.abort()
-      reject(new PaymentTimeoutError('Payment server request timed out'))
-    }, PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
-  })
-
-  try {
-    return await Promise.race([
-      cloud.invokeFunction(name, body, {
-        signal: controller.signal,
-        timeoutMs: PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
-      }),
-      deadline
-    ])
-  } finally {
-    if (timeout !== undefined) clearTimeout(timeout)
-  }
-}
-
-function parseTrustedCheckoutUrl(value: unknown): string | null {
-  if (!isRecord(value) || typeof value.url !== 'string') return null
-  try {
-    const url = new URL(value.url)
-    if (
-      url.protocol !== 'https:' ||
-      url.origin !== STRIPE_CHECKOUT_ORIGIN ||
-      url.username !== '' ||
-      url.password !== '' ||
-      !url.pathname.startsWith(STRIPE_CHECKOUT_PATH_PREFIX) ||
-      url.pathname.length <= STRIPE_CHECKOUT_PATH_PREFIX.length
-    )
-      return null
-    return url.toString()
-  } catch {
-    return null
-  }
-}
-
-function parseServerSubscription(value: unknown, now = Date.now()): SubscriptionStatus | null {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return null
-  if (value.tier !== 'free' && value.tier !== 'pro' && value.tier !== 'pro_plus') return null
-  if (typeof value.status !== 'string' || value.status.length === 0) return null
-
-  let expiresAt: number | null = null
-  if (value.current_period_end !== null && value.current_period_end !== undefined) {
-    if (typeof value.current_period_end !== 'string') return null
-    const parsed = Date.parse(value.current_period_end)
-    if (!Number.isFinite(parsed)) return null
-    expiresAt = parsed
-  }
-
-  const paidTier = value.tier === 'pro' || value.tier === 'pro_plus'
-  const valid =
-    paidTier &&
-    SERVER_ENTITLED_STATUSES.has(value.status) &&
-    (expiresAt === null || expiresAt > now)
-
-  return {
-    tier: valid ? value.tier : 'free',
-    valid,
-    expiresAt
-  }
-}
-
-async function readServerSubscription(cloud: CloudSyncService): Promise<SubscriptionStatus> {
-  const response = await invokeWithDeadline(cloud, SUBSCRIPTION_FUNCTION, { action: 'info' })
-  if (response.error) throw new Error('subscription_provider_error')
-  const status = parseServerSubscription(response.data)
-  if (!status) throw new Error('subscription_response_invalid')
-  return status
-}
-
-function paymentFailure<T>(error: unknown, fallback: string): IPCResult<T> {
-  if (error instanceof PaymentTimeoutError) {
-    return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Payment server request timed out')
-  }
-  return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, fallback)
-}
-
-export function registerPaymentHandlers(): void {
-  const attempts = new Map<string, CheckoutAttempt>()
-
-  ipcMain.handle(
-    IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION,
-    async (_event, rawParams: CheckoutSessionParams) => {
-      const params = parseCheckoutParams(rawParams)
-      if (!params) {
-        return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Invalid checkout request')
-      }
-
-      const authenticated = getAuthenticatedCloud()
-      if (!authenticated) {
-        return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Sign in is required for checkout')
-      }
-
-      const now = Date.now()
-      for (const [key, attempt] of attempts) {
-        if (!attempt.inFlight && attempt.expiresAt <= now) attempts.delete(key)
-      }
-
-      const fingerprint = `${authenticated.userId}:stripe:${params.tier}`
-      let attempt = attempts.get(fingerprint)
-      if (!attempt || attempt.expiresAt <= now) {
-        attempt = {
-          idempotencyKey: `desktop:stripe-checkout:${randomUUID()}`,
-          expiresAt: now + CHECKOUT_IDEMPOTENCY_TTL_MS
-        }
-        attempts.set(fingerprint, attempt)
-      }
-
-      if (attempt.result) return ok(attempt.result)
-      if (attempt.inFlight) return attempt.inFlight
-
-      const currentAttempt = attempt
-      const operation = (async (): Promise<IPCResult<CheckoutSessionResult>> => {
-        try {
-          const response = await invokeWithDeadline(authenticated.cloud, CHECKOUT_FUNCTION, {
-            tier: params.tier,
-            success_url: CHECKOUT_SUCCESS_URL,
-            cancel_url: CHECKOUT_CANCEL_URL,
-            idempotency_key: currentAttempt.idempotencyKey
-          })
-          if (response.error) {
-            return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Checkout service rejected the request')
-          }
-
-          const checkoutUrl = parseTrustedCheckoutUrl(response.data)
-          if (!checkoutUrl) {
-            return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Checkout service returned an invalid URL')
-          }
-
-          const result: CheckoutSessionResult = {
-            checkoutUrl,
-            provider: 'stripe',
-            status: 'pending'
-          }
-          currentAttempt.result = result
-          return ok(result)
-        } catch (error) {
-          return paymentFailure(error, 'Checkout service is unavailable')
-        } finally {
-          currentAttempt.inFlight = undefined
-        }
-      })()
-      currentAttempt.inFlight = operation
-      return operation
-    }
-  )
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.VERIFY_PAYMENT, async () => {
-    const authenticated = getAuthenticatedCloud()
-    if (!authenticated) {
-      return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Sign in is required to verify a subscription')
-    }
-    try {
-      const status = await readServerSubscription(authenticated.cloud)
-      return ok({ success: status.valid, activeTier: status.tier })
-    } catch (error) {
-      return paymentFailure(error, 'Subscription status is unavailable')
-    }
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.GET_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUS, async () => {
-    const authenticated = getAuthenticatedCloud()
-    if (!authenticated) {
-      return ipcError(ErrorCode.UnknownError, 'Sign in is required to read a subscription')
-    }
-    try {
-      return ok(await readServerSubscription(authenticated.cloud))
-    } catch (error) {
-      return paymentFailure(error, 'Subscription status is unavailable')
-    }
-  })
-}

apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/support-handlers.ts

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ export function registerSupportHandlers(): void {
     const result: RefundEligibilityResult = {
       eligible: true,
       reason: '결제일로부터 7일 이내이며 클라우드 AI 정제 쿼터를 10% 미만 사용하셨습니다. (100% 전액 환불 가능)',
-      refundMethod: 'Toss Payments / Stripe 결제 즉시 취소',
+      refundMethod: 'Payple 카드 결제 즉시 취소',
       estimatedRefundKrw: 229000,
     }
     return ok(result)

apps/desktop/src/preload/index.ts

@@ -875,16 +875,6 @@ const electronAPI = {
     checkRefund: () =>
       invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').RefundEligibilityResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.SUPPORT.CHECK_REFUND),
   },
-  // ── Multi-PG Payment & Billing ─────────────────────────
-  payment: {
-    createCheckoutSession: (params: import('@d3ro/core/types').CheckoutSessionParams) =>
-      invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').CheckoutSessionResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, params),
-    verifyPayment: () =>
-      invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').VerifyPaymentResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.VERIFY_PAYMENT),
-    getSubscriptionStatus: () =>
-      invoke<import('@d3ro/core/types').SubscriptionStatusResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.GET_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUS),
-  },
-
   // ── Input telemetry (입력 수집 동의 · 리포트) ───────────
   inputTelemetry: {
     getState: () =>

apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/AppLayout.tsx

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import { OnboardingModal } from './OnboardingModal'
 import { AdBanner } from './ads/AdBanner'
 import { RewardedQuotaModal } from './ads/RewardedQuotaModal'
 import { SupportModal } from './support/SupportModal'
-import { CheckoutModal } from './payment/CheckoutModal'
 import { StatusBar } from './StatusBar'
 import { TitleBar } from './TitleBar'
 import { d3roPalette, d3roFontSans, d3roFontMono, d3roTypo, d3roRadius, d3roShadow } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
@@ -79,7 +78,6 @@ export function AppLayout(): React.ReactElement {
   const [onboardingOpen, setOnboardingOpen] = useState(false)
   const [licenseModalOpen, setLicenseModalOpen] = useState(false)
   const [supportModalOpen, setSupportModalOpen] = useState(false)
-  const [checkoutModalOpen, setCheckoutModalOpen] = useState(false)
   const [rewardedModalOpen, setRewardedModalOpen] = useState(false)
   const [currentTier, setCurrentTier] = useState<LicenseTier>('free')
   const [fallbackMsg, setFallbackMsg] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ export function AppLayout(): React.ReactElement {
             <Box sx={{ px: 2, pb: 1, pt: 0.5, flexShrink: 0 }}>
               <AdBanner
                 tier={currentTier}
-                onOpenUpgradeModal={() => setCheckoutModalOpen(true)}
+                onUpgrade={() => void window.electronAPI.license.openBilling({ tier: 'pro' })}
               />
             </Box>
           )}
@@ -394,13 +392,6 @@ export function AppLayout(): React.ReactElement {
       <LicenseModal open={licenseModalOpen} onClose={() => setLicenseModalOpen(false)} />
       <OnboardingModal open={onboardingOpen} onClose={() => setOnboardingOpen(false)} />
       <SupportModal open={supportModalOpen} onClose={() => setSupportModalOpen(false)} />
-      <CheckoutModal
-        open={checkoutModalOpen}
-        onClose={() => setCheckoutModalOpen(false)}
-        onSuccess={(newTier) => {
-          setCurrentTier(newTier)
-        }}
-      />
       <RewardedQuotaModal
         open={rewardedModalOpen}
         onClose={() => setRewardedModalOpen(false)}

apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/ads/AdBanner.tsx

@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ import type { LicenseTier, AdCreativePayload } from '@d3ro/core/types'
 
 interface AdBannerProps {
   tier: LicenseTier
-  onOpenUpgradeModal: () => void
+  /** 웹 결제 페이지(billingUrl)로 보낸다. 등급 변경은 license:tierChanged 로 돌아온다. */
+  onUpgrade: () => void
 }
 
-export function AdBanner({ tier, onOpenUpgradeModal }: AdBannerProps): React.ReactElement | null {
+export function AdBanner({ tier, onUpgrade }: AdBannerProps): React.ReactElement | null {
   const [creative, setCreative] = useState<AdCreativePayload | null>(null)
 
   // Fetch highest bidding ad creative via mediation auction
@@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ export function AdBanner({ tier, onOpenUpgradeModal }: AdBannerProps): React.Rea
         </Button>
 
         <Typography
-          onClick={onOpenUpgradeModal}
+          onClick={onUpgrade}
           sx={{
             fontFamily: d3roFontSans,
             fontSize: '10px',

apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/payment/CheckoutModal.tsx

@@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
-// src/renderer/components/payment/CheckoutModal.tsx
-// Server-authoritative Stripe checkout and subscription confirmation modal.
-
-import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
-import { Alert, Box, Button, CircularProgress, IconButton, Modal, Typography } from '@mui/material'
-import { CheckCircle2, CreditCard, ExternalLink, Lock, RefreshCw, Shield, X } from 'lucide-react'
-import { d3roPalette, d3roFontSans, d3roFontMono, d3roRadius, d3roShadow } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
-import type { CheckoutTier, LicenseTier } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-import {
-  CheckoutFlowController,
-  INITIAL_CHECKOUT_FLOW_STATE,
-  checkoutErrorMessage
-} from './checkout-flow'
-
-interface CheckoutModalProps {
-  open: boolean
-  initialTier?: LicenseTier
-  onClose: () => void
-  onSuccess: (tier: CheckoutTier) => void
-}
-
-function normalizeInitialTier(tier: LicenseTier): CheckoutTier {
-  return tier === 'pro' ? 'pro' : 'pro_plus'
-}
-
-export function CheckoutModal({
-  open,
-  initialTier = 'pro_plus',
-  onClose,
-  onSuccess
-}: CheckoutModalProps): React.ReactElement {
-  const [tier, setTier] = useState<CheckoutTier>(() => normalizeInitialTier(initialTier))
-  const [flowState, setFlowState] = useState(INITIAL_CHECKOUT_FLOW_STATE)
-  const controllerRef = useRef<CheckoutFlowController | null>(null)
-
-  if (controllerRef.current === null) {
-    controllerRef.current = new CheckoutFlowController({
-      createCheckoutSession: (params) => window.electronAPI.payment.createCheckoutSession(params),
-      openExternal: (params) => window.electronAPI.system.openExternal(params),
-      getSubscriptionStatus: () => window.electronAPI.payment.getSubscriptionStatus()
-    })
-  }
-  const controller = controllerRef.current
-
-  useEffect(() => controller.subscribe(setFlowState), [controller])
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (open) {
-      setTier(normalizeInitialTier(initialTier))
-      controller.reset()
-    } else {
-      controller.cancel()
-    }
-  }, [controller, initialTier, open])
-
-  const handleClose = (): void => {
-    controller.cancel()
-    onClose()
-  }
-
-  const handleCheckout = (): void => {
-    void controller.start(tier)
-  }
-
-  const handleVerification = async (): Promise<void> => {
-    const verifiedTier = await controller.verify()
-    if (verifiedTier) onSuccess(verifiedTier)
-  }
-
-  const busy = flowState.phase === 'creating' || flowState.phase === 'verifying'
-  const awaitingConfirmation = flowState.phase === 'awaiting' || flowState.phase === 'verifying'
-
-  return (
-    <Modal open={open} onClose={handleClose} aria-labelledby="checkout-modal-title">
-      <Box
-        role="dialog"
-        aria-modal="true"
-        sx={{
-          position: 'absolute',
-          top: '50%',
-          left: '50%',
-          transform: 'translate(-50%, -50%)',
-          width: { xs: '90%', sm: 520 },
-          bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.card,
-          backdropFilter: 'blur(28px)',
-          border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.glass.hairline}`,
-          borderRadius: d3roRadius.outer,
-          boxShadow: d3roShadow.dialog,
-          p: 3,
-          outline: 'none',
-          display: 'flex',
-          flexDirection: 'column',
-          gap: 2
-        }}
-      >
-        <Box
-          sx={{
-            display: 'flex',
-            alignItems: 'center',
-            justifyContent: 'space-between',
-            borderBottom: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.glass.hairline}`,
-            pb: 1.5
-          }}
-        >
-          <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1.25 }}>
-            <CreditCard size={18} color={d3roPalette.accent.light} />
-            <Typography
-              id="checkout-modal-title"
-              sx={{
-                fontFamily: d3roFontSans,
-                fontSize: '16px',
-                fontWeight: 600,
-                color: d3roPalette.text.primary
-              }}
-            >
-              D3RO Voice Secure Checkout
-            </Typography>
-          </Box>
-          <IconButton
-            onClick={handleClose}
-            aria-label="결제 창 닫기"
-            sx={{
-              color: d3roPalette.text.dimLabel,
-              '&:hover': { color: d3roPalette.text.primary }
-            }}
-          >
-            <X size={18} />
-          </IconButton>
-        </Box>
-
-        {flowState.phase === 'complete' && flowState.verifiedTier ? (
-          <Box
-            sx={{
-              textAlign: 'center',
-              py: 4,
-              display: 'flex',
-              flexDirection: 'column',
-              alignItems: 'center',
-              gap: 1.5
-            }}
-          >
-            <CheckCircle2 size={48} color={d3roPalette.tag.green} />
-            <Typography
-              sx={{ fontFamily: d3roFontSans, fontSize: '18px', fontWeight: 600, color: 'var(--d3-text-inverse)' }}
-            >
-              서버에서 구독 활성화를 확인했습니다.
-            </Typography>
-            <Typography
-              sx={{ fontFamily: d3roFontMono, fontSize: '12px', color: d3roPalette.accent.light }}
-            >
-              Plan: {flowState.verifiedTier.toUpperCase()}
-            </Typography>
-            <Button
-              onClick={handleClose}
-              sx={{
-                mt: 2,
-                bgcolor: d3roPalette.accent.main,
-                color: 'var(--d3-text-inverse)',
-                px: 3,
-                borderRadius: '8px'
-              }}
-            >
-              완료
-            </Button>
-          </Box>
-        ) : (
-          <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 2 }}>
-            <Typography
-              sx={{ fontFamily: d3roFontSans, fontSize: '12px', color: d3roPalette.text.secondary }}
-            >
-              결제 세션과 최종 금액은 로그인된 계정의 Stripe 서버에서 생성됩니다.
-            </Typography>
-
-            <Box sx={{ display: 'grid', gridTemplateColumns: '1fr 1fr', gap: 1 }}>
-              {(['pro', 'pro_plus'] as const).map((candidate) => (
-                <Button
-                  key={candidate}
-                  onClick={() => setTier(candidate)}
-                  disabled={flowState.phase !== 'idle' || busy}
-                  aria-pressed={tier === candidate}
-                  sx={{
-                    p: 1.5,
-                    borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
-                    border: `1px solid ${tier === candidate ? d3roPalette.accent.main : d3roPalette.glass.hairline}`,
-                    bgcolor:
-                      tier === candidate ? 'var(--d3-accent-glow)' : 'var(--d3-overlay-strong)',
-                    color: 'var(--d3-text-inverse)',
-                    fontFamily: d3roFontSans,
-                    fontWeight: 500,
-                    textTransform: 'none'
-                  }}
-                >
-                  {candidate === 'pro' ? 'Pro' : 'Pro+'}
-                </Button>
-              ))}
-            </Box>
-
-            <Box
-              sx={{
-                p: 2,
-                borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
-                bgcolor: 'var(--d3-bg-card-soft)',
-                border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.accent.dim}`,
-                display: 'flex',
-                gap: 1.25,
-                alignItems: 'flex-start'
-              }}
-            >
-              <Shield size={19} color={d3roPalette.accent.light} />
-              <Box>
-                <Typography
-                  sx={{
-                    fontFamily: d3roFontSans,
-                    fontSize: '13px',
-                    fontWeight: 500,
-                    color: 'var(--d3-text-inverse)'
-                  }}
-                >
-                  Stripe 보안 결제
-                </Typography>
-                <Typography
-                  sx={{
-                    mt: 0.5,
-                    fontFamily: d3roFontSans,
-                    fontSize: '11px',
-                    color: d3roPalette.text.secondary
-                  }}
-                >
-                  실제 금액, 통화, 세금과 결제 수단은 Stripe 결제 페이지에서 확인해 주세요.
-                </Typography>
-              </Box>
-            </Box>
-
-            {awaitingConfirmation && (
-              <Alert severity="info" icon={<ExternalLink size={18} />}>
-                브라우저에서 결제를 완료하거나 취소한 뒤, 아래에서 서버 구독 상태를 확인해 주세요.
-              </Alert>
-            )}
-
-            {flowState.error && (
-              <Alert severity="error" role="alert">
-                {checkoutErrorMessage(flowState.error)}
-              </Alert>
-            )}
-
-            <Box aria-live="polite">
-              {flowState.phase === 'idle' || flowState.phase === 'creating' ? (
-                <Button
-                  fullWidth
-                  disabled={busy}
-                  onClick={handleCheckout}
-                  sx={{
-                    py: 1.25,
-                    bgcolor: d3roPalette.accent.main,
-                    color: 'var(--d3-text-inverse)',
-                    fontWeight: 500,
-                    fontSize: '13px',
-                    borderRadius: '10px',
-                    boxShadow: d3roShadow.glowAccent,
-                    '&:hover': { bgcolor: d3roPalette.accent.light }
-                  }}
-                >
-                  {flowState.phase === 'creating' ? (
-                    <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
-                      <CircularProgress size={14} color="inherit" /> 결제 세션 생성 중...
-                    </Box>
-                  ) : (
-                    <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
-                      <Lock size={14} /> Stripe에서 결제 계속하기
-                    </Box>
-                  )}
-                </Button>
-              ) : (
-                <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 1 }}>
-                  <Button
-                    fullWidth
-                    disabled={busy}
-                    onClick={() => void handleVerification()}
-                    sx={{
-                      py: 1.25,
-                      bgcolor: d3roPalette.accent.main,
-                      color: 'var(--d3-text-inverse)',
-                      fontWeight: 500,
-                      fontSize: '13px',
-                      borderRadius: '10px'
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    {flowState.phase === 'verifying' ? (
-                      <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
-                        <CircularProgress size={14} color="inherit" /> 서버 구독 확인 중...
-                      </Box>
-                    ) : (
-                      <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
-                        <RefreshCw size={14} /> 결제 상태 확인
-                      </Box>
-                    )}
-                  </Button>
-                  <Button onClick={handleClose} sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.secondary }}>
-                    닫기 — 구독 등급 변경 안 함
-                  </Button>
-                </Box>
-              )}
-            </Box>
-          </Box>
-        )}
-      </Box>
-    </Modal>
-  )
-}

apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/payment/checkout-flow.ts

@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-import type { IPCResult } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
-import type {
-  CheckoutSessionParams,
-  CheckoutSessionResult,
-  CheckoutTier,
-  SubscriptionStatusResult
-} from '@d3ro/core/types'
-
-const STRIPE_CHECKOUT_ORIGIN = 'https://checkout.stripe.com'
-const STRIPE_CHECKOUT_PATH_PREFIX = '/c/pay/'
-
-export type CheckoutPhase = 'idle' | 'creating' | 'awaiting' | 'verifying' | 'complete'
-
-export type CheckoutErrorCode =
-  | 'checkout-failed'
-  | 'unsafe-checkout-response'
-  | 'open-failed'
-  | 'network-failed'
-  | 'verification-failed'
-  | 'not-confirmed'
-  | 'invalid-entitlement'
-
-export interface CheckoutFlowState {
-  phase: CheckoutPhase
-  error: CheckoutErrorCode | null
-  verifiedTier: CheckoutTier | null
-}
-
-export interface CheckoutFlowPorts {
-  createCheckoutSession: (
-    params: CheckoutSessionParams
-  ) => Promise<IPCResult<CheckoutSessionResult>>
-  openExternal: (params: { url: string }) => Promise<IPCResult<void>>
-  getSubscriptionStatus: () => Promise<IPCResult<SubscriptionStatusResult>>
-}
-
-export const INITIAL_CHECKOUT_FLOW_STATE: CheckoutFlowState = {
-  phase: 'idle',
-  error: null,
-  verifiedTier: null
-}
-
-const ERROR_MESSAGES: Record<CheckoutErrorCode, string> = {
-  'checkout-failed': '결제 세션을 만들지 못했습니다. 잠시 후 다시 시도해 주세요.',
-  'unsafe-checkout-response': '안전한 Stripe 결제 페이지를 확인하지 못했습니다.',
-  'open-failed': '결제 페이지를 열지 못했습니다. 잠시 후 다시 시도해 주세요.',
-  'network-failed': '결제 서비스에 연결하지 못했습니다. 네트워크 상태를 확인해 주세요.',
-  'verification-failed': '서버 구독 상태를 확인하지 못했습니다. 잠시 후 다시 시도해 주세요.',
-  'not-confirmed': '서버에서 결제 완료를 아직 확인하지 못했습니다. 결제 후 다시 확인해 주세요.',
-  'invalid-entitlement': '서버가 유효한 구독 등급을 반환하지 않았습니다.'
-}
-
-export function checkoutErrorMessage(error: CheckoutErrorCode): string {
-  return ERROR_MESSAGES[error]
-}
-
-export function isTrustedStripeCheckoutUrl(value: unknown): value is string {
-  if (typeof value !== 'string') return false
-  try {
-    const url = new URL(value)
-    return (
-      url.protocol === 'https:' &&
-      url.origin === STRIPE_CHECKOUT_ORIGIN &&
-      url.username === '' &&
-      url.password === '' &&
-      url.pathname.startsWith(STRIPE_CHECKOUT_PATH_PREFIX) &&
-      url.pathname.length > STRIPE_CHECKOUT_PATH_PREFIX.length
-    )
-  } catch {
-    return false
-  }
-}
-
-function isPaidTier(value: unknown): value is CheckoutTier {
-  return value === 'pro' || value === 'pro_plus'
-}
-
-export class CheckoutFlowController {
-  private state: CheckoutFlowState = INITIAL_CHECKOUT_FLOW_STATE
-  private listener: ((state: CheckoutFlowState) => void) | null = null
-  private inFlight = false
-  private generation = 0
-
-  constructor(private readonly ports: CheckoutFlowPorts) {}
-
-  subscribe(listener: (state: CheckoutFlowState) => void): () => void {
-    this.listener = listener
-    listener(this.state)
-    return () => {
-      if (this.listener === listener) this.listener = null
-    }
-  }
-
-  getState(): CheckoutFlowState {
-    return this.state
-  }
-
-  reset(): void {
-    this.generation += 1
-    this.inFlight = false
-    this.update(INITIAL_CHECKOUT_FLOW_STATE)
-  }
-
-  cancel(): void {
-    this.reset()
-  }
-
-  async start(tier: CheckoutTier): Promise<boolean> {
-    if (this.inFlight || this.state.phase === 'awaiting' || this.state.phase === 'complete') {
-      return false
-    }
-
-    this.inFlight = true
-    const generation = ++this.generation
-    let stage: 'checkout' | 'open' = 'checkout'
-    this.update({ phase: 'creating', error: null, verifiedTier: null })
-
-    try {
-      const session = await this.ports.createCheckoutSession({ tier, provider: 'stripe' })
-      if (!this.isCurrent(generation)) return false
-      if (!session.success) {
-        this.fail('idle', 'checkout-failed')
-        return false
-      }
-      if (
-        session.data.provider !== 'stripe' ||
-        session.data.status !== 'pending' ||
-        !isTrustedStripeCheckoutUrl(session.data.checkoutUrl)
-      ) {
-        this.fail('idle', 'unsafe-checkout-response')
-        return false
-      }
-
-      stage = 'open'
-      const opened = await this.ports.openExternal({ url: session.data.checkoutUrl })
-      if (!this.isCurrent(generation)) return false
-      if (!opened.success) {
-        this.fail('idle', 'open-failed')
-        return false
-      }
-
-      this.update({ phase: 'awaiting', error: null, verifiedTier: null })
-      return true
-    } catch {
-      if (this.isCurrent(generation)) {
-        this.fail('idle', stage === 'open' ? 'open-failed' : 'network-failed')
-      }
-      return false
-    } finally {
-      if (this.isCurrent(generation)) this.inFlight = false
-    }
-  }
-
-  async verify(): Promise<CheckoutTier | null> {
-    if (this.inFlight || this.state.phase !== 'awaiting') return null
-
-    this.inFlight = true
-    const generation = ++this.generation
-    this.update({ phase: 'verifying', error: null, verifiedTier: null })
-
-    try {
-      const subscription = await this.ports.getSubscriptionStatus()
-      if (!this.isCurrent(generation)) return null
-      if (!subscription.success) {
-        this.fail('awaiting', 'verification-failed')
-        return null
-      }
-      if (!subscription.data.valid) {
-        this.fail('awaiting', 'not-confirmed')
-        return null
-      }
-      if (!isPaidTier(subscription.data.tier)) {
-        this.fail('awaiting', 'invalid-entitlement')
-        return null
-      }
-
-      this.update({
-        phase: 'complete',
-        error: null,
-        verifiedTier: subscription.data.tier
-      })
-      return subscription.data.tier
-    } catch {
-      if (this.isCurrent(generation)) this.fail('awaiting', 'network-failed')
-      return null
-    } finally {
-      if (this.isCurrent(generation)) this.inFlight = false
-    }
-  }
-
-  private isCurrent(generation: number): boolean {
-    return generation === this.generation
-  }
-
-  private fail(phase: 'idle' | 'awaiting', error: CheckoutErrorCode): void {
-    this.update({ phase, error, verifiedTier: null })
-  }
-
-  private update(state: CheckoutFlowState): void {
-    this.state = state
-    this.listener?.(state)
-  }
-}

apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/support/SupportModal.tsx

@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ export function SupportModal({ open, onClose }: SupportModalProps): React.ReactE
                     • 클라우드 사용량: 0% (자격 충족)
                   </Typography>
                   <Button
-                    onClick={() => alert('토스페이먼츠 / Stripe 결제 취소가 접수되었습니다. 영업일 기준 2~3일 내 카드사 취소 처리됩니다.')}
+                    onClick={() => alert('Payple 결제 취소가 접수되었습니다. 영업일 기준 2~3일 내 카드사 취소 처리됩니다.')}
                     sx={{ mt: 1, bgcolor: d3roPalette.tag.green, color: 'var(--d3-scrim)', fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '12px', borderRadius: '8px' }}
                   >
                     즉시 전액 환불 승인

apps/desktop/tests/e2e/launch_readiness.spec.ts

@@ -120,22 +120,11 @@ test.describe('Launch Readiness E2E & Visual Verification', () => {
     await window.waitForTimeout(500);
   });
 
-  test('03. Should open the server-authoritative Stripe CheckoutModal', async () => {
-    // Trigger checkout via "Remove ads with Pro" link in AdBanner
+  test('03. Should expose the web billing upgrade link without an in-app checkout modal', async () => {
+    // "Remove ads with Pro" opens billingUrl({ tier }) in the external browser (LICENSE.OPEN_BILLING).
     const removeAdsLink = window.locator('text=/Remove ads with Pro/').first();
     if (await removeAdsLink.isVisible()) {
-      await removeAdsLink.click();
-      await window.waitForTimeout(600);
-
-      // Verify Checkout Modal is visible
-      await expect(window.locator('text=/D3RO Voice Secure Checkout/').first()).toBeVisible();
-
-      // Capture screenshot of CheckoutModal
-      await window.screenshot({ path: path.join(SCREENSHOT_DIR, '04_checkout_modal_stripe.png') });
-
-      // Close modal
-      await window.keyboard.press('Escape');
-      await window.waitForTimeout(400);
+      await expect(window.locator('text=/D3RO Voice Secure Checkout/')).toHaveCount(0);
     }
   });
 });

apps/desktop/tests/red/ads/ad-settlement.e2e.test.ts

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('E2E RED — 계열 F: 정산·수익 원장', () => {
         const stats = engine.getRevenueStats()
         for (const s of stats.settlements) {
           expect(['pending', 'processing', 'settled', 'paid']).toContain(s.payoutStatus)
-          expect(['bank_wire_krw', 'paypal', 'stripe_connect']).toContain(s.paymentMethod)
+          expect(['bank_wire_krw', 'paypal']).toContain(s.paymentMethod)
         }
       })
       it(`[${network}] 순지급 = 총수익 × (1-원천세) 환율 적립`, () => {

apps/desktop/tests/unit/checkout-flow.spec.ts

@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
-import type { IPCResult } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
-import type { CheckoutSessionResult, SubscriptionStatusResult } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-import {
-  CheckoutFlowController,
-  type CheckoutFlowPorts,
-  isTrustedStripeCheckoutUrl
-} from '../../src/renderer/components/payment/checkout-flow'
-
-type CreateResult = IPCResult<CheckoutSessionResult>
-type StatusResult = IPCResult<SubscriptionStatusResult>
-
-const trustedUrl = 'https://checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_renderer_safe#fragment'
-const checkoutSuccess: CreateResult = {
-  success: true,
-  data: { checkoutUrl: trustedUrl, provider: 'stripe', status: 'pending' }
-}
-const openSuccess: IPCResult<void> = { success: true, data: undefined }
-const activeSubscription: StatusResult = {
-  success: true,
-  data: { tier: 'pro_plus', valid: true, expiresAt: Date.parse('2099-01-01T00:00:00.000Z') }
-}
-const ipcFailure = {
-  success: false as const,
-  error: { code: 999, message: 'private provider details' }
-}
-
-function deferred<T>(): {
-  promise: Promise<T>
-  resolve: (value: T) => void
-} {
-  let resolve!: (value: T) => void
-  const promise = new Promise<T>((done) => {
-    resolve = done
-  })
-  return { promise, resolve }
-}
-
-describe('renderer checkout flow', () => {
-  let createCheckoutSession: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
-  let openExternal: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
-  let getSubscriptionStatus: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
-  let controller: CheckoutFlowController
-
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    createCheckoutSession = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(checkoutSuccess)
-    openExternal = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(openSuccess)
-    getSubscriptionStatus = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(activeSubscription)
-    const ports: CheckoutFlowPorts = {
-      createCheckoutSession,
-      openExternal,
-      getSubscriptionStatus
-    }
-    controller = new CheckoutFlowController(ports)
-  })
-
-  it('opens only the authenticated IPC checkout result and waits for server confirmation', async () => {
-    const opened = await controller.start('pro')
-
-    expect(opened).toBe(true)
-    expect(createCheckoutSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ tier: 'pro', provider: 'stripe' })
-    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ url: trustedUrl })
-    expect(getSubscriptionStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toEqual({
-      phase: 'awaiting',
-      error: null,
-      verifiedTier: null
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed when checkout IPC returns a provider error', async () => {
-    createCheckoutSession.mockResolvedValue(ipcFailure)
-
-    await controller.start('pro')
-
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({ phase: 'idle', error: 'checkout-failed' })
-    expect(openExternal).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed when checkout IPC throws a network error', async () => {
-    createCheckoutSession.mockRejectedValue(new Error('private network details'))
-
-    await controller.start('pro')
-
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({ phase: 'idle', error: 'network-failed' })
-    expect(openExternal).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
-  it.each([
-    {
-      checkoutUrl: 'http://checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_bad',
-      provider: 'stripe',
-      status: 'pending'
-    },
-    { checkoutUrl: 'https://evil.test/c/pay/cs_test_bad', provider: 'stripe', status: 'pending' },
-    { checkoutUrl: trustedUrl, provider: 'toss', status: 'pending' },
-    { checkoutUrl: trustedUrl, provider: 'stripe', status: 'completed' }
-  ])('rejects an unsafe or forged checkout response %#', async (data) => {
-    createCheckoutSession.mockResolvedValue({ success: true, data })
-
-    await controller.start('pro')
-
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({
-      phase: 'idle',
-      error: 'unsafe-checkout-response'
-    })
-    expect(openExternal).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed when the OS cannot open the checkout page', async () => {
-    openExternal.mockResolvedValue(ipcFailure)
-
-    await controller.start('pro')
-
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({ phase: 'idle', error: 'open-failed' })
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed when opening the checkout page throws', async () => {
-    openExternal.mockRejectedValue(new Error('private shell details'))
-
-    await controller.start('pro')
-
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({ phase: 'idle', error: 'open-failed' })
-  })
-
-  it('coalesces duplicate checkout clicks into one IPC request', async () => {
-    const pending = deferred<CreateResult>()
-    createCheckoutSession.mockReturnValue(pending.promise)
-
-    const first = controller.start('pro')
-    const duplicate = controller.start('pro_plus')
-
-    expect(await duplicate).toBe(false)
-    expect(createCheckoutSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-    pending.resolve(checkoutSuccess)
-    expect(await first).toBe(true)
-    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-  })
-
-  it('invalidates a pending checkout when the user closes the modal', async () => {
-    const pending = deferred<CreateResult>()
-    createCheckoutSession.mockReturnValue(pending.promise)
-
-    const start = controller.start('pro')
-    controller.cancel()
-    pending.resolve(checkoutSuccess)
-
-    expect(await start).toBe(false)
-    expect(openExternal).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toEqual({ phase: 'idle', error: null, verifiedTier: null })
-  })
-
-  it('does not treat an opened or cancelled provider page as payment success', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-    getSubscriptionStatus.mockResolvedValue({
-      success: true,
-      data: { tier: 'free', valid: false, expiresAt: null }
-    })
-
-    const tier = await controller.verify()
-
-    expect(tier).toBeNull()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({ phase: 'awaiting', error: 'not-confirmed' })
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed when subscription readback returns an IPC error', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-    getSubscriptionStatus.mockResolvedValue(ipcFailure)
-
-    const tier = await controller.verify()
-
-    expect(tier).toBeNull()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({
-      phase: 'awaiting',
-      error: 'verification-failed'
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed when subscription readback throws a network error', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-    getSubscriptionStatus.mockRejectedValue(new Error('private subscription details'))
-
-    const tier = await controller.verify()
-
-    expect(tier).toBeNull()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({ phase: 'awaiting', error: 'network-failed' })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects an arbitrary paid tier even when a forged response claims it is valid', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-    getSubscriptionStatus.mockResolvedValue({
-      success: true,
-      data: { tier: 'enterprise', valid: true, expiresAt: null }
-    })
-
-    const tier = await controller.verify()
-
-    expect(tier).toBeNull()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toMatchObject({
-      phase: 'awaiting',
-      error: 'invalid-entitlement'
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('returns and displays only the server-read subscription tier', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-
-    const tier = await controller.verify()
-
-    expect(tier).toBe('pro_plus')
-    expect(controller.getState()).toEqual({
-      phase: 'complete',
-      error: null,
-      verifiedTier: 'pro_plus'
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('coalesces duplicate subscription verification clicks', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-    const pending = deferred<StatusResult>()
-    getSubscriptionStatus.mockReturnValue(pending.promise)
-
-    const first = controller.verify()
-    const duplicate = controller.verify()
-
-    expect(await duplicate).toBeNull()
-    expect(getSubscriptionStatus).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-    pending.resolve(activeSubscription)
-    expect(await first).toBe('pro_plus')
-  })
-
-  it('ignores a successful subscription response after cancellation', async () => {
-    await controller.start('pro')
-    const pending = deferred<StatusResult>()
-    getSubscriptionStatus.mockReturnValue(pending.promise)
-
-    const verification = controller.verify()
-    controller.cancel()
-    pending.resolve(activeSubscription)
-
-    expect(await verification).toBeNull()
-    expect(controller.getState()).toEqual({ phase: 'idle', error: null, verifiedTier: null })
-  })
-
-  it('accepts only the trusted Stripe HTTPS checkout origin and path', () => {
-    expect(isTrustedStripeCheckoutUrl(trustedUrl)).toBe(true)
-    expect(isTrustedStripeCheckoutUrl('https://checkout.stripe.com/portal/cs_test_bad')).toBe(false)
-    expect(
-      isTrustedStripeCheckoutUrl('https://user:pass@checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_bad')
-    ).toBe(false)
-  })
-})

apps/desktop/tests/unit/payment-handlers.spec.ts

@@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
-import { ipcMain } from 'electron'
-import { IPC_CHANNELS } from '@d3ro/core/ipc-channels'
-import type { IPCResult } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
-import type { CheckoutSessionParams, CheckoutSessionResult } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-
-const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => {
-  const invokeFunction = vi.fn()
-  const activate = vi.fn()
-  const getLicenseService = vi.fn(() => ({ activate }))
-  const cloud = {
-    isAuthenticated: vi.fn(() => true),
-    getUser: vi.fn(() => ({ id: 'aaaaaaaa-aaaa-4aaa-8aaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa' })),
-    invokeFunction
-  }
-  return { activate, cloud, getLicenseService, invokeFunction }
-})
-
-vi.mock('../../src/main/services/CloudSyncService', () => ({
-  getCloudSyncService: () => mocks.cloud
-}))
-
-vi.mock('../../src/main/services/LicenseService', () => ({
-  getLicenseService: mocks.getLicenseService
-}))
-
-import {
-  PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
-  registerPaymentHandlers
-} from '../../src/main/ipc/payment-handlers'
-
-type CapturedHandler = (...args: unknown[]) => unknown
-
-const handlers = new Map<string, CapturedHandler>()
-const validParams: CheckoutSessionParams = {
-  tier: 'pro',
-  provider: 'stripe'
-}
-
-async function invokeIpc<T>(channel: string, ...args: unknown[]): Promise<IPCResult<T>> {
-  const handler = handlers.get(channel)
-  if (!handler) throw new Error(`Missing IPC handler: ${channel}`)
-  return (await handler({}, ...args)) as IPCResult<T>
-}
-
-function checkoutResponse(url = 'https://checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_safe#fragment') {
-  return { data: { url }, error: null }
-}
-
-beforeEach(() => {
-  vi.useRealTimers()
-  vi.clearAllMocks()
-  handlers.clear()
-  mocks.cloud.isAuthenticated.mockReturnValue(true)
-  mocks.cloud.getUser.mockReturnValue({ id: 'aaaaaaaa-aaaa-4aaa-8aaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa' })
-  vi.mocked(ipcMain.handle).mockImplementation((channel: string, handler: CapturedHandler) => {
-    handlers.set(channel, handler)
-  })
-  registerPaymentHandlers()
-})
-
-afterEach(() => {
-  vi.useRealTimers()
-})
-
-describe('desktop payment IPC security boundary', () => {
-  it('uses the authenticated Stripe Edge checkout contract and returns only its trusted URL', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue(checkoutResponse())
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc<CheckoutSessionResult>(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION,
-      validParams
-    )
-
-    expect(result).toEqual({
-      success: true,
-      data: {
-        checkoutUrl: 'https://checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_safe#fragment',
-        provider: 'stripe',
-        status: 'pending'
-      }
-    })
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-    const [name, body, options] = mocks.invokeFunction.mock.calls[0]
-    expect(name).toBe('stripe-checkout')
-    expect(body).toEqual({
-      tier: 'pro',
-      success_url: 'https://d3ro.chanpaca.net/app/billing?success=1',
-      cancel_url: 'https://d3ro.chanpaca.net/app/billing?canceled=1',
-      idempotency_key: expect.stringMatching(/^desktop:stripe-checkout:[0-9a-f-]{36}$/)
-    })
-    expect(options).toMatchObject({ timeoutMs: PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS })
-    expect(options.signal).toBeInstanceOf(AbortSignal)
-  })
-
-  it.each(['toss', 'portone', 'arbitrary-provider'])(
-    'rejects unsupported provider %s before network I/O',
-    async (provider) => {
-      const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, {
-        ...validParams,
-        provider
-      })
-
-      expect(result.success).toBe(false)
-      expect(mocks.invokeFunction).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    }
-  )
-
-  it.each(['free', 'team', 'enterprise', 'arbitrary-tier'])(
-    'rejects renderer-selected tier %s before network I/O',
-    async (tier) => {
-      const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, {
-        ...validParams,
-        tier
-      })
-
-      expect(result.success).toBe(false)
-      expect(mocks.invokeFunction).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    }
-  )
-
-  it.each([
-    'http://checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_unsafe',
-    'https://checkout.stripe.com.evil.test/c/pay/cs_test_unsafe',
-    'https://checkout.stripe.com@evil.test/c/pay/cs_test_unsafe',
-    'https://user:pass@checkout.stripe.com/c/pay/cs_test_unsafe',
-    'https://checkout.stripe.com/portal/cs_test_unsafe'
-  ])('rejects an untrusted checkout URL: %s', async (url) => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue(checkoutResponse(url))
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-
-    expect(result.success).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed on provider errors without exposing provider details', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue({
-      data: null,
-      error: { message: 'sensitive Stripe provider details' }
-    })
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-
-    expect(result).toMatchObject({
-      success: false,
-      error: { message: 'Checkout service rejected the request' }
-    })
-    expect(JSON.stringify(result)).not.toContain('sensitive Stripe provider details')
-  })
-
-  it('fails closed on network errors without converting them into checkout success', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockRejectedValue(new Error('sensitive network details'))
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-
-    expect(result).toMatchObject({
-      success: false,
-      error: { message: 'Checkout service is unavailable' }
-    })
-    expect(JSON.stringify(result)).not.toContain('sensitive network details')
-  })
-
-  it('coalesces concurrent and sequential duplicate checkout requests', async () => {
-    let resolveProvider: ((value: ReturnType<typeof checkoutResponse>) => void) | undefined
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockReturnValue(
-      new Promise((resolve) => {
-        resolveProvider = resolve
-      })
-    )
-
-    const first = invokeIpc<CheckoutSessionResult>(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION,
-      validParams
-    )
-    const concurrent = invokeIpc<CheckoutSessionResult>(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION,
-      validParams
-    )
-
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-    resolveProvider?.(checkoutResponse())
-    const [firstResult, concurrentResult] = await Promise.all([first, concurrent])
-    const sequentialResult = await invokeIpc<CheckoutSessionResult>(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION,
-      validParams
-    )
-
-    expect(firstResult).toEqual(concurrentResult)
-    expect(sequentialResult).toEqual(firstResult)
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-  })
-
-  it('reuses the server idempotency key when a failed checkout is retried', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue({
-      data: null,
-      error: { message: 'provider unavailable' }
-    })
-
-    const first = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-    const retry = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-
-    expect(first.success).toBe(false)
-    expect(retry.success).toBe(false)
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction.mock.calls[0][1].idempotency_key).toBe(
-      mocks.invokeFunction.mock.calls[1][1].idempotency_key
-    )
-  })
-
-  it('aborts and fails closed when checkout exceeds the deadline', async () => {
-    vi.useFakeTimers()
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockReturnValue(new Promise(() => undefined))
-
-    const pending = invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
-    const result = await pending
-
-    expect(result).toMatchObject({
-      success: false,
-      error: { message: 'Payment server request timed out' }
-    })
-    const options = mocks.invokeFunction.mock.calls[0][2]
-    expect(options.signal.aborted).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  it('uses server subscription readback and never mutates the local license', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue({
-      data: {
-        tier: 'pro_plus',
-        status: 'active',
-        current_period_end: '2099-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'
-      },
-      error: null
-    })
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc<{ success: boolean; activeTier: string }>(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.VERIFY_PAYMENT,
-      { tier: 'enterprise' }
-    )
-
-    expect(result).toEqual({
-      success: true,
-      data: { success: true, activeTier: 'pro_plus' }
-    })
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      'payple-manage',
-      { action: 'info' },
-      expect.objectContaining({ timeoutMs: PAYMENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS })
-    )
-    expect(mocks.getLicenseService).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    expect(mocks.activate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
-  it('does not grant an arbitrary renderer tier when the server says free', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue({
-      data: { tier: 'free', status: 'active', current_period_end: null },
-      error: null
-    })
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc<{ success: boolean; activeTier: string }>(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.VERIFY_PAYMENT,
-      { tier: 'enterprise' }
-    )
-
-    expect(result).toEqual({
-      success: true,
-      data: { success: false, activeTier: 'free' }
-    })
-    expect(mocks.activate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
-  it('preserves prepaid cancellation until expiry and fails closed after expiry', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction
-      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
-        data: {
-          tier: 'pro',
-          status: 'canceled',
-          current_period_end: '2099-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'
-        },
-        error: null
-      })
-      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
-        data: {
-          tier: 'pro',
-          status: 'canceled',
-          current_period_end: '2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'
-        },
-        error: null
-      })
-
-    const current = await invokeIpc<{
-      tier: string
-      valid: boolean
-      expiresAt: number | null
-    }>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.GET_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUS)
-    const expired = await invokeIpc<{
-      tier: string
-      valid: boolean
-      expiresAt: number | null
-    }>(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.GET_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUS)
-
-    expect(current).toMatchObject({ success: true, data: { tier: 'pro', valid: true } })
-    expect(expired).toMatchObject({ success: true, data: { tier: 'free', valid: false } })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects malformed or arbitrary server entitlement data', async () => {
-    mocks.invokeFunction.mockResolvedValue({
-      data: {
-        tier: 'enterprise',
-        status: 'active',
-        current_period_end: '2099-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'
-      },
-      error: null
-    })
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.GET_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUS)
-
-    expect(result).toMatchObject({
-      success: false,
-      error: { message: 'Subscription status is unavailable' }
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('requires an authenticated user before invoking payment functions', async () => {
-    mocks.cloud.isAuthenticated.mockReturnValue(false)
-
-    const result = await invokeIpc(IPC_CHANNELS.PAYMENT.CREATE_CHECKOUT_SESSION, validParams)
-
-    expect(result.success).toBe(false)
-    expect(mocks.invokeFunction).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-})

apps/web/e2e/billing-catalog.spec.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ const catalogPayload = {
       tier: 'pro',
       prices: [
         { provider: 'payple', unit_amount: 9900, currency: 'KRW', interval: 'month', interval_count: 1 },
-        { provider: 'stripe', unit_amount: 999, currency: 'USD', interval: 'month', interval_count: 1 },
       ],
     },
     {
@@ -29,9 +28,8 @@ test.describe('billing catalog strict client contract', () => {
     const catalog = parseBillingCatalog(catalogPayload)
     expect(catalog).not.toBeNull()
     expect(formatBillingPrice(catalog!.plans.pro[0])).toContain('9,900')
-    expect(formatBillingPrice(catalog!.plans.pro[1])).toContain('9.99')
-    expect(formatPlanCatalogPrice('pro', catalog)).toContain('Payple')
-    expect(formatPlanCatalogPrice('pro', catalog)).toContain('Stripe')
+    expect(formatPlanCatalogPrice('pro', catalog)).toContain('9,900')
+    expect(formatPlanCatalogPrice('pro_plus', catalog)).toContain('29,900')
     expect(formatPlanCatalogPrice('free', catalog)).toBe('무료')
   })
 
@@ -56,6 +54,10 @@ test.describe('billing catalog strict client contract', () => {
         ...catalogPayload,
         plans: [{ tier: 'pro', prices: [{ ...catalogPayload.plans[0].prices[0], currency: 'KRW<script>' }] }, catalogPayload.plans[1]],
       },
+      {
+        ...catalogPayload,
+        plans: [{ tier: 'pro', prices: [{ ...catalogPayload.plans[0].prices[0], provider: 'google_play' }] }, catalogPayload.plans[1]],
+      },
     ]
     for (const value of invalid) expect(parseBillingCatalog(value)).toBeNull()
   })

apps/web/e2e/billing.spec.ts

@@ -138,10 +138,9 @@ test.describe('Billing provider and Payple DOM flow', () => {
     await expect(proPlan.getByTestId('payple-upgrade-pro')).toBeEnabled()
     await expect(page.getByTestId('billing-plan-pro_plus')).toBeVisible()
 
-    await proPlan.getByLabel('Stripe 해외 카드').click()
-    await expect(proPlan.getByTestId('stripe-upgrade-pro')).toBeVisible()
-    await proPlan.getByLabel('Payple 국내 카드').click()
+    await expect(proPlan.getByRole('button', { name: /Stripe/ })).toHaveCount(0)
 
+    // 결제 경로가 없어도 과거 provider='stripe' 구독 행은 계속 읽혀야 한다.
     const stripePeriodEnd = new Date(Date.now() + 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000).toISOString()
     const { error: stripeFixtureError } = await admin.from('subscriptions').update({
       tier: 'pro',
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ test.describe('Billing provider and Payple DOM flow', () => {
     if (stripeFixtureError) throw stripeFixtureError
     await page.reload()
     await expect(page.getByTestId('billing-current-provider')).toContainText('Stripe')
-    await expect(page.getByTestId('stripe-portal-open')).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(page.getByTestId('stripe-portal-open')).toHaveCount(0)
     await expect(page.getByTestId('billing-checkout-pro')).toHaveCount(0)
 
     const { error: freeFixtureError } = await admin.from('subscriptions').update({

apps/web/e2e/payple-checkout.spec.ts

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ test.describe('Payple payer number and fail-closed checkout', () => {
 
   test('rejects missing or tampered catalog price before opening Payple', async () => {
     for (const catalogPrice of [
-      { provider: 'stripe', unitAmount: 9900, currency: 'KRW', interval: 'month', intervalCount: 1 },
+      { provider: 'google_play', unitAmount: 9900, currency: 'KRW', interval: 'month', intervalCount: 1 },
       { provider: 'payple', unitAmount: 1, currency: 'USD', interval: 'month', intervalCount: 1 },
       { provider: 'payple', unitAmount: 9900, currency: 'KRW', interval: 'year', intervalCount: 1 },
       { provider: 'payple', unitAmount: 0, currency: 'KRW', interval: 'month', intervalCount: 1 }

apps/web/src/app/(app)/billing/page.tsx

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import { MetalCard, TactileBadge } from '@d3ro/ui/components/ds'
 import { d3roFontMono } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
 import { BillingCheckoutOptions } from '@/components/billing/billing-checkout-options'
 import { PaypleManageButton } from '@/components/billing/payple-manage-button'
-import { PortalButton } from '@/components/billing/portal-button'
 import { getSupabaseServerClient } from '@/lib/supabase-server'
 import {
   formatPlanCatalogPrice,
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ interface Plan {
 }
 
 const VALID_TIERS = new Set<SubscriptionTier>(['free', 'pro', 'pro_plus'])
+// 'stripe' 는 결제 경로가 제거된 뒤에도 과거 구독 행(provider='stripe')을 읽기 위해 남긴다.
 const VALID_PROVIDERS = new Set<BillingProvider>([
   'none',
   'stripe',
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ function providerLabel(provider: BillingProvider): string {
   const labels: Record<BillingProvider, string> = {
     none: '없음',
     payple: 'Payple',
-    stripe: 'Stripe',
+    stripe: 'Stripe (종료)',
     google_play: 'Google Play',
     app_store: 'App Store',
     admin: '관리자 부여'
@@ -164,8 +164,6 @@ export default async function BillingPage({ searchParams }: BillingPageProps): P
   const canPurchase = !isPaid && subscription.provider === 'none'
   const cancellationDate = formatDate(subscription.cancel_at)
   const periodEnd = formatDate(subscription.current_period_end)
-  const stripeCanceled = params['canceled'] === '1'
-  const stripeReturned = params['success'] === '1'
   const selectedTier = selectedTierFrom(params['tier'])
 
   return (
@@ -182,19 +180,6 @@ export default async function BillingPage({ searchParams }: BillingPageProps): P
         </Typography>
       </Box>
 
-      {stripeCanceled && (
-        <Alert severity="info" sx={{ mb: 2 }} data-testid="stripe-canceled-message">
-          Stripe Checkout을 취소했습니다. 결제나 구독 변경은 발생하지 않았습니다.
-        </Alert>
-      )}
-      {stripeReturned && (
-        <Alert severity={isPaid ? 'success' : 'warning'} sx={{ mb: 2 }} data-testid="stripe-return-message">
-          {isPaid
-            ? 'Stripe 결제가 확인되어 구독 정보가 갱신되었습니다.'
-            : 'Stripe 결제 결과를 확인 중입니다. 잠시 후 이 페이지를 새로고침해 주세요.'}
-        </Alert>
-      )}
-
       <MetalCard sx={{ p: { xs: 2.5, md: 3.5 }, mb: 4 }}>
         <Stack direction={{ xs: 'column', md: 'row' }} justifyContent="space-between" gap={3}>
           <Box>
@@ -257,7 +242,7 @@ export default async function BillingPage({ searchParams }: BillingPageProps): P
       </Box>
 
       <Typography sx={{ mt: 4, textAlign: 'center', color: 'var(--d3-text-label)', fontSize: 11 }}>
-        국내 카드는 Payple, 해외 카드는 Stripe가 처리합니다. 활성 구독이 있으면 같은 provider에서만 관리할 수 있습니다.
+        웹 결제는 Payple(원화 카드)이 처리합니다. 모바일 앱 구독은 Google Play에서 관리합니다.
       </Typography>
     </Box>
   )
@@ -350,7 +335,9 @@ function SubscriptionManagement({ subscription }: { subscription: BillingSubscri
     return <Typography sx={{ color: 'var(--d3-status-warning)', fontSize: 12 }}>자동 갱신이 해지되었습니다.</Typography>
   }
   if (subscription.provider === 'payple') return <PaypleManageButton />
-  if (subscription.provider === 'stripe') return <PortalButton />
+  if (subscription.provider === 'stripe') {
+    return <Alert severity="info">종료된 Stripe 결제로 만든 구독입니다. 변경·해지는 고객센터에 문의해 주세요.</Alert>
+  }
   if (subscription.provider === 'google_play') {
     return <Alert severity="info">Google Play 앱에서 구독을 관리해 주세요.</Alert>
   }

apps/web/src/app/(app)/dashboard/page.tsx

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ function tierLabel(tier: DashboardSnapshot['subscription']['tier']): string {
 function providerLabel(provider: DashboardSnapshot['subscription']['provider']): string {
   const labels: Record<DashboardSnapshot['subscription']['provider'], string> = {
     none: '미연결',
-    stripe: 'Stripe',
+    stripe: 'Stripe (종료)',
     payple: '페이플',
     google_play: 'Google Play',
     app_store: 'App Store',

apps/web/src/components/billing/billing-checkout-options.tsx

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 'use client'
 
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react'
-import { Alert, Box, ToggleButton, ToggleButtonGroup, Typography } from '@mui/material'
-import { CheckoutButton } from './checkout-button'
+import { Alert, Box } from '@mui/material'
 import { PaypleCheckoutButton } from './payple-checkout-button'
 import type { PaypleTier } from './payple-client'
-import type { BillingCatalogPrice, WebBillingProvider } from '@/lib/billing-catalog'
+import type { BillingCatalogPrice } from '@/lib/billing-catalog'
 
+/** 웹 결제 진입점. 결제사는 Payple(KRW) 하나이며 가격은 billing-catalog 응답을 따른다. */
 export function BillingCheckoutOptions({
   tier,
   prices
@@ -14,48 +13,12 @@ export function BillingCheckoutOptions({
   tier: PaypleTier
   prices: BillingCatalogPrice[]
 }): React.ReactElement {
-  const availableProviders = useMemo(() => new Set(prices.map((price) => price.provider)), [prices])
-  const initialProvider: WebBillingProvider = availableProviders.has('payple') ? 'payple' : 'stripe'
-  const [provider, setProvider] = useState<WebBillingProvider>(initialProvider)
-  const payplePrice = prices.find((price): price is BillingCatalogPrice & { provider: 'payple' } => (
-    price.provider === 'payple'
-  ))
+  const payplePrice = prices.find((price) => price.provider === 'payple')
 
   return (
     <Box data-testid={`billing-checkout-${tier}`}>
-      <Typography sx={{ mb: 1, color: 'var(--d3-text-label)', fontSize: 11 }}>
-        결제 수단을 선택해 주세요. 한 구독에는 하나의 결제사만 사용할 수 있습니다.
-      </Typography>
-      <ToggleButtonGroup
-        exclusive
-        fullWidth
-        size="small"
-        value={provider}
-        onChange={(_event, value: WebBillingProvider | null) => {
-          if (value !== null && availableProviders.has(value)) setProvider(value)
-        }}
-        aria-label="결제사 선택"
-        sx={{ mb: 1.5 }}
-      >
-        <ToggleButton value="payple" aria-label="Payple 국내 카드" disabled={!availableProviders.has('payple')}>
-          국내 카드 · Payple
-        </ToggleButton>
-        <ToggleButton value="stripe" aria-label="Stripe 해외 카드" disabled={!availableProviders.has('stripe')}>
-          해외 카드 · Stripe
-        </ToggleButton>
-      </ToggleButtonGroup>
-
-      {provider === 'payple' ? (
-        payplePrice ? <PaypleCheckoutButton tier={tier} catalogPrice={payplePrice} /> : (
-          <Alert severity="error">Payple 가격을 확인할 수 없습니다.</Alert>
-        )
-      ) : (
-        <>
-          <Alert severity="info" variant="outlined" sx={{ mb: 1, fontSize: 11 }}>
-            Stripe Checkout으로 이동해 해외 발급 카드를 결제합니다.
-          </Alert>
-          <CheckoutButton tier={tier} />
-        </>
+      {payplePrice ? <PaypleCheckoutButton tier={tier} catalogPrice={payplePrice} /> : (
+        <Alert severity="error">Payple 가격을 확인할 수 없습니다.</Alert>
       )}
     </Box>
   )

apps/web/src/components/billing/checkout-button.tsx

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-'use client'
-
-// apps/web/src/components/billing/checkout-button.tsx
-// Stripe Checkout 시작 — Edge Function stripe-checkout 호출
-
-import { useState } from 'react'
-import { Button, CircularProgress, Alert, Box } from '@mui/material'
-import { getSupabaseBrowserClient } from '@/lib/supabase-browser'
-import { browserBillingUrl } from '@/lib/web-app-url'
-import type { PaypleTier } from './payple-client'
-
-interface CheckoutButtonProps {
-  tier: PaypleTier
-}
-
-export function CheckoutButton({ tier }: CheckoutButtonProps): React.ReactElement {
-  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
-  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
-
-  async function handleCheckout(): Promise<void> {
-    setError(null)
-    setBusy(true)
-    try {
-      const supabase = getSupabaseBrowserClient()
-      const {
-        data: { session },
-        error: sessionError
-      } = await supabase.auth.getSession()
-
-      if (sessionError || !session) {
-        setError('로그인이 필요합니다')
-        return
-      }
-
-      const baseUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL?.trim()
-      if (!baseUrl) throw new Error('결제 서버 설정이 완료되지 않았습니다')
-      const endpoint = new URL('/functions/v1/stripe-checkout', baseUrl).toString()
-
-      const response = await fetch(
-        endpoint,
-        {
-          method: 'POST',
-          headers: {
-            Authorization: `Bearer ${session.access_token}`,
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
-          },
-          body: JSON.stringify({
-            tier,
-            idempotency_key: `stripe-checkout:${crypto.randomUUID()}`,
-            success_url: browserBillingUrl('success'),
-            cancel_url: browserBillingUrl('canceled')
-          })
-        }
-      )
-
-      const data = (await response.json().catch(() => null)) as { url?: unknown } | null
-      if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Stripe Checkout을 시작하지 못했습니다')
-      if (typeof data?.url !== 'string') throw new Error('Checkout URL을 받지 못했습니다')
-      const checkoutUrl = new URL(data.url)
-      if (checkoutUrl.protocol !== 'https:' || checkoutUrl.hostname !== 'checkout.stripe.com') {
-        throw new Error('Checkout URL을 신뢰할 수 없습니다')
-      }
-      window.location.assign(checkoutUrl.toString())
-    } catch (e) {
-      setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'Unknown error')
-    } finally {
-      setBusy(false)
-    }
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <Box>
-      <Button
-        fullWidth
-        variant="contained"
-        size="large"
-        data-testid={`stripe-upgrade-${tier}`}
-        onClick={() => void handleCheckout()}
-        disabled={busy}
-        startIcon={busy ? <CircularProgress size={16} color="inherit" /> : null}
-      >
-        {tier === 'pro_plus' ? 'PRO+' : 'PRO'} Stripe로 업그레이드
-      </Button>
-      {error && (
-        <Alert severity="error" variant="outlined" sx={{ mt: 1, fontSize: 11 }}>
-          {error}
-        </Alert>
-      )}
-    </Box>
-  )
-}

apps/web/src/components/billing/portal-button.tsx

@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-'use client'
-
-// apps/web/src/components/billing/portal-button.tsx
-// Stripe Customer Portal — 활성 구독 사용자가 결제 수단/취소 등을 관리
-
-import { useState } from 'react'
-import { Button, CircularProgress, Alert, Box } from '@mui/material'
-import SettingsIcon from '@mui/icons-material/Settings'
-import { getSupabaseBrowserClient } from '@/lib/supabase-browser'
-import { browserBillingUrl } from '@/lib/web-app-url'
-
-export function PortalButton(): React.ReactElement {
-  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
-  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
-
-  async function handleOpenPortal(): Promise<void> {
-    setError(null)
-    setBusy(true)
-    try {
-      const supabase = getSupabaseBrowserClient()
-      const {
-        data: { session },
-        error: sessionError
-      } = await supabase.auth.getSession()
-
-      if (sessionError || !session) {
-        setError('로그인이 필요합니다')
-        return
-      }
-
-      const baseUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL?.trim()
-      if (!baseUrl) throw new Error('결제 서버 설정이 완료되지 않았습니다')
-
-      const response = await fetch(
-        new URL('/functions/v1/stripe-portal', baseUrl).toString(),
-        {
-          method: 'POST',
-          headers: {
-            Authorization: `Bearer ${session.access_token}`,
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
-          },
-          body: JSON.stringify({
-            return_url: browserBillingUrl()
-          })
-        }
-      )
-
-      const data = await response.json().catch(() => null) as { url?: unknown } | null
-      if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Stripe 구독 관리 페이지를 열지 못했습니다')
-      if (typeof data?.url !== 'string') throw new Error('구독 관리 URL을 받지 못했습니다')
-      const portalUrl = new URL(data.url)
-      if (portalUrl.protocol !== 'https:' || portalUrl.hostname !== 'billing.stripe.com') {
-        throw new Error('구독 관리 URL을 신뢰할 수 없습니다')
-      }
-      window.location.assign(portalUrl.toString())
-    } catch (e) {
-      setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'Unknown error')
-    } finally {
-      setBusy(false)
-    }
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <Box>
-      <Button
-        variant="outlined"
-        size="small"
-        data-testid="stripe-portal-open"
-        startIcon={busy ? <CircularProgress size={14} /> : <SettingsIcon />}
-        onClick={() => void handleOpenPortal()}
-        disabled={busy}
-      >
-        구독 관리
-      </Button>
-      {error && (
-        <Alert severity="error" variant="outlined" sx={{ mt: 1, fontSize: 11 }}>
-          {error}
-        </Alert>
-      )}
-    </Box>
-  )
-}

apps/web/src/lib/billing-catalog.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { SubscriptionTier } from '@d3ro/api-client'
 
-export type WebBillingProvider = 'payple' | 'stripe'
+/** 웹 결제사는 Payple(KRW) 하나다. Stripe는 2026-09-26 제거됐다. */
+export type WebBillingProvider = 'payple'
 export type BillingInterval = 'day' | 'week' | 'month' | 'year'
 
 export interface BillingCatalogPrice {
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ export interface BillingCatalog {
   plans: Record<'pro' | 'pro_plus', BillingCatalogPrice[]>
 }
 
-const PROVIDERS = new Set<WebBillingProvider>(['payple', 'stripe'])
+const PROVIDERS = new Set<WebBillingProvider>(['payple'])
 const INTERVALS = new Set<BillingInterval>(['day', 'week', 'month', 'year'])
 const PAID_TIERS = new Set(['pro', 'pro_plus'])
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ export function parseBillingCatalog(value: unknown): BillingCatalog | null {
     if (!rawPlan || typeof rawPlan !== 'object' || Array.isArray(rawPlan)) return null
     const plan = rawPlan as { tier?: unknown; prices?: unknown }
     if (typeof plan.tier !== 'string' || !PAID_TIERS.has(plan.tier) || seenTiers.has(plan.tier)) return null
-    if (!Array.isArray(plan.prices) || plan.prices.length > 2) return null
+    if (!Array.isArray(plan.prices) || plan.prices.length > PROVIDERS.size) return null
     seenTiers.add(plan.tier)
     const seenProviders = new Set<string>()
     for (const rawPrice of plan.prices) {
@@ -91,7 +92,5 @@ export function formatPlanCatalogPrice(
   if (tier === 'free') return '무료'
   if (!catalog) return null
   const prices = catalog.plans[tier]
-  if (prices.length === 0) return null
-  if (prices.length === 1) return formatBillingPrice(prices[0])
-  return prices.map((price) => `${price.provider === 'payple' ? 'Payple' : 'Stripe'} ${formatBillingPrice(price)}`).join(' · ')
+  return prices.length === 0 ? null : formatBillingPrice(prices[0])
 }

apps/web/src/lib/web-app-url.ts

@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
 // apps/web/src/lib/web-app-url.ts
 // 웹앱 안에서 쓰는 절대 URL·복귀 경로 헬퍼. 주소 정본은 @d3ro/core/web-urls 다.
 //
-// 결제사(Stripe·Payple)와 OAuth 는 절대 URL 을 요구한다. 운영은 d3ro.chanpaca.net/app,
+// 결제사(Payple)와 OAuth 는 절대 URL 을 요구한다. 운영은 d3ro.chanpaca.net/app,
 // 로컬 개발은 localhost:3000/app 이므로 origin 만 현재 브라우저 것으로 바꿔 끼운다.
 
-import {
-  billingUrl,
-  PUBLIC_SITE_ORIGIN,
-  WEB_APP_BASE_PATH,
-  type BillingReturn
-} from '@d3ro/core/web-urls'
+import { billingUrl, PUBLIC_SITE_ORIGIN, WEB_APP_BASE_PATH } from '@d3ro/core/web-urls'
 
 /** 로그인 뒤 돌아갈 경로를 proxy 가 (app) 레이아웃에 넘길 때 쓰는 요청 헤더. */
 export const RETURN_PATH_HEADER = 'x-d3ro-return-path'
@@ -39,7 +34,7 @@ export function appUrlFor(origin: string, path: string): string {
 }
 
 /** 브라우저에서 결제 페이지 절대 URL. 쿼리 형식은 core billingUrl() 을 그대로 따른다. */
-export function browserBillingUrl(result?: BillingReturn): string {
-  const canonical = billingUrl(result ? { result } : {})
+export function browserBillingUrl(): string {
+  const canonical = billingUrl()
   return `${window.location.origin}${canonical.slice(PUBLIC_SITE_ORIGIN.length)}`
 }