feat(keybinding): several shortcuts per action, mouse buttons, searchable picker

Shortcuts were defined in four places that drifted apart: per-action IPC channel pairs, a hand-written VK table in the service, a second one in the renderer, and three copies of the keycap styling. Adding an action meant editing all of them, so two shortcuts stayed hardcoded in bootstrap and one had no settings entry at all. packages/core/src/keybinding.ts is now the single source for the binding type, the selectable key catalog, the action catalog, normalization, validation, conflict detection, display labels, search and deserialization. Main, preload and renderer all read from it; nothing redefines keys or rules locally. - Each action holds a list of bindings instead of one. AppConfig's four *Shortcut fields collapse into a single keyBindings map, migrated on launch. - Mouse buttons can be bound. Left click is refused, right/middle need a modifier, side buttons are free. uiohook cannot swallow events, so the original click still fires and the UI says so. - Keys can be picked from a grouped dropdown with a search box, not only by recording a keypress. - HOTKEY's 14 channels become KEYBINDING's 9, taking the action as a parameter, so actions no longer multiply channels. The history and command popups moved out of bootstrap into ordinary actions. - displayLabel is gone; labels derive from the binding and follow the app language and platform. Fixes found on the way: - Double-press hands-free was unreachable: lookup returned only the first matching action, and dictation shares its default binding. - Reserved-combination checks compared joined key names, so a different modifier order let Ctrl+C through. - Disabling shortcuts released every global registration in the process, including the popup ones, and never restored them. - Enabling shortcuts after starting disabled left nothing registered. - The dashboard stored the caption event payload instead of the state in it.
2026-09-21 13:41:47 +09:00 · 2026-09-21 13:41:47 +09:00 · 4ad1ae6ed4
commit 4ad1ae6ed4
parent 0ca9e242fa
49 changed files with 5901 additions and 1792 deletions
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/bootstrap.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/bootstrap.ts
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import { app, dialog, globalShortcut, ipcMain as ipcMainRef } from 'electron'
 import { initLoggerService, getLogger } from './services/LoggerService'
 import { initConfigService, configGet, configSet } from './services/ConfigService'
-import { getHotkeyService } from './services/HotkeyService'
+import { getKeyBindingService } from './services/KeyBindingService'
 import { getVoiceModeService } from './services/VoiceModeService'
 import { startLocalLLMAvailability } from './services/LocalLLMService'
 import { getHistoryService } from './services/HistoryService'
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ export async function bootstrap(): Promise<void> {
    { name: 'sound-effects', critical: false, fn: initSoundEffects },
    { name: 'auto-launch', critical: false, fn: initAutoLaunch },
    { name: 'popup-preload', critical: false, fn: initPopupWindows },
-    { name: 'hotkey', critical: false, fn: initHotkey },
+    { name: 'key-bindings', critical: false, fn: initKeyBindings },
    { name: 'voice-mode', critical: false, fn: initVoiceMode },
    { name: 'stt-warmup', critical: false, fn: initSTTWarmup },
    { name: 'llm-polling', critical: false, fn: initLLMPolling },
@ -119,10 +119,10 @@ async function initIpcHandlers(): Promise<void> {
  registerAllIpcHandlers()
 }

-async function initHotkey(): Promise<void> {
-  const hotkey = getHotkeyService()
-  hotkey.loadFromConfig()
-  hotkey.start()
+async function initKeyBindings(): Promise<void> {
+  const keyBindings = getKeyBindingService()
+  keyBindings.loadFromConfig()
+  keyBindings.start()
 }

 async function initCustomInstructions(): Promise<void> {
@ -155,34 +155,42 @@ async function initPopupWindows(): Promise<void> {
  // 오디오 디바이스 미리 캐싱 (Settings 열 때 즉시 반환)
  getAudioCaptureService().getDevices().catch(() => { /* 실패해도 무시 */ })

-  // Ctrl+Shift+V → 히스토리 팝업 토글
-  globalShortcut.register('Ctrl+Shift+V', () => {
-    if (isHistoryPopupVisible()) {
-      hideHistoryPopup()
-      unregisterPopupNavKeys()
-    } else {
-      const entries = getHistoryService().list({ page: 0, pageSize: 10 }).entries
-      showHistoryPopup(entries as unknown as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)
-      registerPopupNavKeys()
-    }
-  })
-
-  // Ctrl+Shift+C → 커맨드 선택 팝업 토글
-  globalShortcut.register('Ctrl+Shift+C', () => {
-    if (isCommandPopupVisible()) {
-      hideCommandPopup()
-      unregisterPopupNavKeys()
-    } else {
-      const instructions = getCustomInstructionService().getAll()
-      const activeId = configGet('activeInstructionId') as string | null
-      showCommandPopup(instructions as unknown as Array<Record<string, unknown>>, activeId || null)
-      registerPopupNavKeys('command')
+  // 팝업 토글도 재바인딩 가능한 액션이다 — 하드코딩 accelerator 대신 KeyBindingService를 구독한다.
+  getKeyBindingService().on('triggered', (payload) => {
+    if (payload.type !== 'pressed') return
+    if (payload.actionId === 'history-popup') {
+      toggleHistoryPopup()
+    } else if (payload.actionId === 'command-popup') {
+      toggleCommandPopup()
    }
  })

  setupCommandPopupIPC()
 }

+function toggleHistoryPopup(): void {
+  if (isHistoryPopupVisible()) {
+    hideHistoryPopup()
+    unregisterPopupNavKeys()
+    return
+  }
+  const entries = getHistoryService().list({ page: 0, pageSize: 10 }).entries
+  showHistoryPopup(entries as unknown as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)
+  registerPopupNavKeys()
+}
+
+function toggleCommandPopup(): void {
+  if (isCommandPopupVisible()) {
+    hideCommandPopup()
+    unregisterPopupNavKeys()
+    return
+  }
+  const instructions = getCustomInstructionService().getAll()
+  const activeId = configGet('activeInstructionId') as string | null
+  showCommandPopup(instructions as unknown as Array<Record<string, unknown>>, activeId || null)
+  registerPopupNavKeys('command')
+}
+
 // 히스토리 팝업 키 네비게이션 등록/해제
 const POPUP_NAV_KEYS: Array<{ accel: string; key: string }> = [
  { accel: 'Up', key: 'ArrowUp' },
@ -222,7 +230,7 @@ function unregisterPopupNavKeys(): void {

 async function initVoiceMode(): Promise<void> {
  const voiceMode = getVoiceModeService()
-  voiceMode.connectHotkey()
+  voiceMode.connectKeyBindings()

  const soundEffect = getSoundEffectService()

--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/hotkey-handlers.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/hotkey-handlers.ts
@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-// src/main/ipc/hotkey-handlers.ts
-
-import { ipcMain } from 'electron'
-import { IPC_CHANNELS } from '@d3ro/core/ipc-channels'
-import { ipcSuccess, ipcError, ErrorCode } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
-import { getHotkeyService } from '../services/HotkeyService'
-import { configGet, configSet } from '../services/ConfigService'
-import type { SetHotkeyParams, SetEnabledParams } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-
-export function registerHotkeyHandlers(): void {
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_DICTATION_SHORTCUT, async () => {
-    return ipcSuccess(configGet('dictationShortcut'))
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_DICTATION_SHORTCUT, async (_event, params: SetHotkeyParams) => {
-    try {
-      configSet('dictationShortcut', params.binding)
-      getHotkeyService().loadFromConfig()
-      return ipcSuccess(undefined)
-    } catch (error) {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-      return ipcError(ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed, `Failed to set dictation shortcut: ${message}`)
-    }
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_HANDS_FREE_SHORTCUT, async () => {
-    return ipcSuccess(configGet('handsFreeShortcut'))
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_HANDS_FREE_SHORTCUT, async (_event, params: SetHotkeyParams) => {
-    try {
-      configSet('handsFreeShortcut', params.binding)
-      getHotkeyService().loadFromConfig()
-      return ipcSuccess(undefined)
-    } catch (error) {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-      return ipcError(ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed, `Failed to set hands-free shortcut: ${message}`)
-    }
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_COMMAND_SHORTCUT, async () => {
-    return ipcSuccess(configGet('commandShortcut'))
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_COMMAND_SHORTCUT, async (_event, params: SetHotkeyParams) => {
-    try {
-      configSet('commandShortcut', params.binding)
-      getHotkeyService().loadFromConfig()
-      return ipcSuccess(undefined)
-    } catch (error) {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-      return ipcError(ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed, `Failed to set command shortcut: ${message}`)
-    }
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_CAPTION_SHORTCUT, async () => {
-    return ipcSuccess(configGet('captionShortcut'))
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_CAPTION_SHORTCUT, async (_event, params: SetHotkeyParams) => {
-    try {
-      configSet('captionShortcut', params.binding)
-      getHotkeyService().loadFromConfig()
-      return ipcSuccess(undefined)
-    } catch (error) {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-      return ipcError(ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed, `Failed to set caption shortcut: ${message}`)
-    }
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.IS_ENABLED, async () => {
-    return ipcSuccess(configGet('hotkeyEnabled'))
-  })
-
-  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_ENABLED, async (_event, params: SetEnabledParams) => {
-    configSet('hotkeyEnabled', params.enabled)
-    const hotkey = getHotkeyService()
-    if (params.enabled) {
-      hotkey.start()
-    } else {
-      hotkey.stop()
-    }
-    return ipcSuccess(undefined)
-  })
-}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/index.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/index.ts
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { registerWindowHandlers } from './window-handlers'
 import { registerSystemHandlers } from './system-handlers'
 import { registerVoiceHandlers } from './voice-handlers'
 import { registerSTTHandlers } from './stt-handlers'
-import { registerHotkeyHandlers } from './hotkey-handlers'
+import { registerKeyBindingHandlers } from './keybinding-handlers'
 import { registerLLMHandlers } from './llm-handlers'
 import { registerHistoryHandlers } from './history-handlers'
 import { registerDictionaryHandlers } from './dictionary-handlers'
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export function registerAllIpcHandlers(): void {
  registerSystemHandlers()
  registerVoiceHandlers()
  registerSTTHandlers()
-  registerHotkeyHandlers()
+  registerKeyBindingHandlers()
  registerLLMHandlers()
  registerHistoryHandlers()
  registerDictionaryHandlers()
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/keybinding-handlers.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/ipc/keybinding-handlers.ts
@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// src/main/ipc/keybinding-handlers.ts
+//
+// 키바인딩 IPC. 액션을 파라미터로 받는 단일 채널 집합이며,
+// 검증·충돌 판정은 전부 `packages/core/src/keybinding.ts` 의 함수를 쓴다.
+
+import { ipcMain, BrowserWindow } from 'electron'
+import { IPC_CHANNELS } from '@d3ro/core/ipc-channels'
+import { ipcSuccess, ipcError, ErrorCode } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
+import {
+  bindingKey,
+  createDefaultBindingMap,
+  detectBindingConflicts,
+  findActionSpec,
+  isKeyBinding,
+  isKeyBindingActionId,
+  normalizeBinding,
+  parseBindingMap,
+  validateBinding
+} from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { getKeyBindingService } from '../services/KeyBindingService'
+import type { KeyBindingTriggerPayload } from '../services/KeyBindingService'
+import { configGet, configSet } from '../services/ConfigService'
+import type {
+  KeyBinding,
+  KeyBindingChangedEvent,
+  KeyBindingMap,
+  KeyBindingTriggeredEvent,
+  KeyBindingValidationResult,
+  ResetKeyBindingParams,
+  SetEnabledParams,
+  SetKeyBindingsParams,
+  ValidateKeyBindingParams
+} from '@d3ro/core/types'
+
+function broadcast(channel: string, payload: unknown): void {
+  for (const win of BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()) {
+    win.webContents.send(channel, payload)
+  }
+}
+
+/** 바인딩 맵 변경을 모든 창에 알린다 (창 간 동기화). */
+function broadcastChanged(map: KeyBindingMap): void {
+  const event: KeyBindingChangedEvent = { map }
+  broadcast(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.CHANGED, event)
+}
+
+/** 저장된 맵을 읽는다. 손상·누락 항목은 기본값으로 복원한다. */
+function readMap(): KeyBindingMap {
+  return parseBindingMap(configGet('keyBindings'))
+}
+
+/** 맵을 저장하고 후킹 서비스에 다시 태운 뒤 창에 알린다. */
+function applyMap(map: KeyBindingMap): void {
+  configSet('keyBindings', map)
+  getKeyBindingService().loadFromConfig()
+  broadcastChanged(map)
+}
+
+/** uiohook 트리거를 렌더러로 중계한다. 재등록 시 리스너가 중복되지 않게 이전 것을 떼어낸다. */
+let triggerRelay: ((payload: KeyBindingTriggerPayload) => void) | null = null
+
+function connectTriggerRelay(): void {
+  const service = getKeyBindingService()
+  if (triggerRelay !== null) {
+    service.off('triggered', triggerRelay)
+  }
+  triggerRelay = (payload: KeyBindingTriggerPayload) => {
+    const event: KeyBindingTriggeredEvent = {
+      actionId: payload.actionId,
+      type: payload.type,
+      isDoublePress: payload.isDoublePress
+    }
+    broadcast(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.TRIGGERED, event)
+  }
+  service.on('triggered', triggerRelay)
+}
+
+export function registerKeyBindingHandlers(): void {
+  connectTriggerRelay()
+
+  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.GET_MAP, async () => {
+    return ipcSuccess(readMap())
+  })
+
+  ipcMain.handle(
+    IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.SET_BINDINGS,
+    async (_event, params: SetKeyBindingsParams) => {
+      if (!isKeyBindingActionId(params.actionId)) {
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Unknown key binding action: ${String(params.actionId)}`
+        )
+      }
+      if (!Array.isArray(params.bindings)) {
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Bindings for "${params.actionId}" must be an array`
+        )
+      }
+
+      const map = readMap()
+      const next: KeyBinding[] = []
+      const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+      for (const candidate of params.bindings) {
+        if (!isKeyBinding(candidate)) {
+          return ipcError(
+            ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+            `Malformed binding for "${params.actionId}"`
+          )
+        }
+
+        const binding = normalizeBinding(candidate)
+        const validation = validateBinding(binding)
+        if (!validation.valid) {
+          return ipcError(
+            ErrorCode.HotkeySystemReserved,
+            `Binding rejected for "${params.actionId}": ${validation.reason}`,
+            { reason: validation.reason, reasonKey: validation.reasonKey }
+          )
+        }
+
+        const conflicts = detectBindingConflicts(params.actionId, binding, map)
+        if (conflicts.length > 0) {
+          return ipcError(
+            ErrorCode.HotkeyConflict,
+            `Binding for "${params.actionId}" conflicts with ` +
+              conflicts.map((c) => c.actionId).join(', '),
+            { conflicts: conflicts.map((c) => c.actionId) }
+          )
+        }
+
+        const key = bindingKey(binding)
+        if (seen.has(key)) continue
+        seen.add(key)
+        next.push(binding)
+      }
+
+      map[params.actionId] = next
+      try {
+        applyMap(map)
+        return ipcSuccess(undefined)
+      } catch (error) {
+        const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Failed to set bindings for "${params.actionId}": ${message}`
+        )
+      }
+    }
+  )
+
+  ipcMain.handle(
+    IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.RESET_ACTION,
+    async (_event, params: ResetKeyBindingParams) => {
+      const spec = isKeyBindingActionId(params.actionId)
+        ? findActionSpec(params.actionId)
+        : null
+      if (spec === null) {
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Unknown key binding action: ${String(params.actionId)}`
+        )
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const map = readMap()
+        map[spec.id] = spec.defaultBindings.map((binding) => ({ ...binding }))
+        applyMap(map)
+        return ipcSuccess(undefined)
+      } catch (error) {
+        const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Failed to reset "${spec.id}": ${message}`
+        )
+      }
+    }
+  )
+
+  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.RESET_ALL, async () => {
+    try {
+      applyMap(createDefaultBindingMap())
+      return ipcSuccess(undefined)
+    } catch (error) {
+      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+      return ipcError(
+        ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+        `Failed to reset key bindings: ${message}`
+      )
+    }
+  })
+
+  ipcMain.handle(
+    IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.VALIDATE,
+    async (_event, params: ValidateKeyBindingParams) => {
+      if (!isKeyBindingActionId(params.actionId)) {
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Unknown key binding action: ${String(params.actionId)}`
+        )
+      }
+      if (!isKeyBinding(params.binding)) {
+        return ipcError(
+          ErrorCode.HotkeyRegistrationFailed,
+          `Malformed binding for "${params.actionId}"`
+        )
+      }
+
+      const binding = normalizeBinding(params.binding)
+      const result: KeyBindingValidationResult = {
+        validation: validateBinding(binding),
+        conflicts: detectBindingConflicts(params.actionId, binding, readMap())
+      }
+      return ipcSuccess(result)
+    }
+  )
+
+  ipcMain.handle(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.IS_ENABLED, async () => {
+    return ipcSuccess(configGet('hotkeyEnabled'))
+  })
+
+  ipcMain.handle(
+    IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.SET_ENABLED,
+    async (_event, params: SetEnabledParams) => {
+      configSet('hotkeyEnabled', params.enabled)
+      const service = getKeyBindingService()
+      if (params.enabled) {
+        // 비활성 상태로 부팅한 뒤 켜는 경로 — 등록이 비어 있으므로 먼저 다시 읽는다.
+        service.loadFromConfig()
+        service.start()
+      } else {
+        service.stop()
+      }
+      return ipcSuccess(undefined)
+    }
+  )
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/services/ConfigService.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/services/ConfigService.ts
@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // electron-store 기반 설정 관리. 설계서 02의 AppConfig 타입 사용.

 import { EventEmitter } from 'events'
-import type { AppConfig, ConfigChangedEvent } from '@d3ro/core/types'
+import type { AppConfig, ConfigChangedEvent, KeyBindingActionId, KeyBindingMap } from '@d3ro/core/types'
+import { createDefaultBindingMap, normalizeBinding, parseBindingMap } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
 import { D3ROError, ErrorCode } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
 import { getLogger } from './LoggerService'

@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ const logger = getLogger('ConfigService')
 interface ElectronStore<T> {
  get<K extends keyof T>(key: K): T[K]
  set<K extends keyof T>(key: K, value: T[K]): void
+  delete(key: string): void
  store: T
 }

@ -51,38 +53,7 @@ const CONFIG_DEFAULTS: AppConfig = {
  // 라이브 음성 대화 백엔드 — 'realtime'은 로그인+구독 필요 (OpenAI Realtime WebRTC)
  conversationBackend: 'local' as const,
  defaultLLMAction: 'refine',
-  dictationShortcut: {
-    keyCode: 0xa5, // Right Alt
-    ctrl: false,
-    alt: false,
-    shift: false,
-    meta: false,
-    displayLabel: 'Right Alt'
-  },
-  handsFreeShortcut: {
-    keyCode: 0xa5,
-    ctrl: false,
-    alt: false,
-    shift: false,
-    meta: false,
-    displayLabel: 'Right Alt (double)'
-  },
-  commandShortcut: {
-    keyCode: 0xa5,
-    ctrl: true,
-    alt: false,
-    shift: false,
-    meta: false,
-    displayLabel: 'Ctrl + Right Alt'
-  },
-  captionShortcut: {
-    keyCode: 0xa5,
-    ctrl: true,
-    alt: false,
-    shift: true,
-    meta: false,
-    displayLabel: 'Ctrl + Shift + Right Alt'
-  },
+  keyBindings: createDefaultBindingMap(),
  hotkeyEnabled: true,
  insertMethod: 'clipboard',
  autoInsert: true,
@ -125,6 +96,9 @@ function createMemoryStore(initial: AppConfig): ElectronStore<AppConfig> {
    set<K extends keyof AppConfig>(key: K, value: AppConfig[K]): void {
      data[key] = value
    },
+    delete(key: string): void {
+      delete (data as unknown as Record<string, unknown>)[key]
+    },
    get store(): AppConfig {
      return data
    },
@ -134,6 +108,77 @@ function createMemoryStore(initial: AppConfig): ElectronStore<AppConfig> {
  }
 }

+// ── 키바인딩 마이그레이션 (구 *Shortcut 4개 → keyBindings) ──
+
+/** 0.x 저장 형태. 구조·라벨 정본이 keybinding.ts 로 옮겨지기 전의 값이다. */
+interface LegacyShortcut {
+  keyCode: number
+  ctrl: boolean
+  alt: boolean
+  shift: boolean
+  meta: boolean
+}
+
+const LEGACY_SHORTCUT_ACTIONS: Readonly<Record<string, KeyBindingActionId>> = {
+  dictationShortcut: 'dictation',
+  handsFreeShortcut: 'hands-free',
+  commandShortcut: 'command',
+  captionShortcut: 'caption',
+}
+
+function isLegacyShortcut(value: unknown): value is LegacyShortcut {
+  if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null) return false
+  const v = value as Record<string, unknown>
+  return (
+    typeof v.keyCode === 'number' &&
+    typeof v.ctrl === 'boolean' &&
+    typeof v.alt === 'boolean' &&
+    typeof v.shift === 'boolean' &&
+    typeof v.meta === 'boolean'
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * 저장된 keyBindings 를 복원하고, 남아 있는 구 `*Shortcut` 값을 1회만 이관한다.
+ *
+ * 구 필드는 이관 직후 삭제하므로 다시 읽히지 않는다.
+ * `displayLabel` 은 폐기한다 — 라벨은 formatBindingSegments() 로 파생시킨다.
+ */
+function migrateKeyBindings(activeStore: ElectronStore<AppConfig>): void {
+  const raw = activeStore.store as unknown as Record<string, unknown>
+  const restored: KeyBindingMap = parseBindingMap(raw.keyBindings)
+
+  const legacyKeys = Object.keys(LEGACY_SHORTCUT_ACTIONS).filter((key) =>
+    isLegacyShortcut(raw[key]),
+  )
+  if (legacyKeys.length === 0) {
+    activeStore.set('keyBindings', restored)
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (const key of legacyKeys) {
+    const legacy = raw[key] as LegacyShortcut
+    const actionId = LEGACY_SHORTCUT_ACTIONS[key]
+    if (actionId === undefined) continue
+    restored[actionId] = [
+      normalizeBinding({
+        device: 'keyboard',
+        code: legacy.keyCode,
+        ctrl: legacy.ctrl,
+        alt: legacy.alt,
+        shift: legacy.shift,
+        meta: legacy.meta,
+      }),
+    ]
+  }
+
+  activeStore.set('keyBindings', restored)
+  for (const key of legacyKeys) {
+    activeStore.delete(key)
+  }
+  logger.info(`Migrated ${legacyKeys.length} legacy shortcut(s) to keyBindings`)
+}
+
 /** electron-store 없이 설정 CRUD를 가능하게 한다 (테스트 + 초기화 전 안전망). */
 export function initInMemoryConfig(overrides?: Partial<AppConfig>): void {
  store = createMemoryStore({ ...CONFIG_DEFAULTS, ...overrides })
@ -149,6 +194,7 @@ export async function initConfigService(): Promise<void> {
    name: 'd3ro-voice-config',
    defaults: CONFIG_DEFAULTS
  })
+  migrateKeyBindings(store)
  logger.info('ConfigService initialized')
 }

--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/services/HotkeyService.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/services/HotkeyService.ts
@ -1,709 +0,0 @@
-// src/main/services/HotkeyService.ts
-// uiohook-napi 기반 글로벌 키보드 후킹 서비스.
-// 설계서 01의 IHotkeyService 구현. Speakly HotkeyService + HotkeyConfig 패턴 참조.
-
-import { EventEmitter } from 'events'
-import { globalShortcut } from 'electron'
-import { uIOhook, UiohookKey } from 'uiohook-napi'
-import type { UiohookKeyboardEvent } from 'uiohook-napi'
-import { getLogger } from './LoggerService'
-import { configGet } from './ConfigService'
-import { D3ROError, ErrorCode } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
-import { TIMING } from '@d3ro/core/constants'
-import type { HotkeyBinding } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-
-const logger = getLogger('HotkeyService')
-
-// ============================================================
-// 내부 타입
-// ============================================================
-
-export interface HotkeyConfig {
-  /** 핫키 식별자 (예: 'voice-dictation', 'voice-handsfree') */
-  id: string
-  /** uiohook 키코드 */
-  keyCode: number
-  /** 수정자 키 목록 */
-  modifiers: HotkeyModifier[]
-  /** true=hold-to-talk (누르고 있는 동안 활성), false=toggle */
-  holdMode: boolean
-  /** 더블프레스 감지 활성화 여부 */
-  doublePressEnabled: boolean
-  /** 활성화 여부 */
-  enabled: boolean
-  /**
-   * Electron globalShortcut accelerator (예: 'Shift+Cmd+1').
-   * macOS에서 OS 시스템 beep을 막기 위해 함께 register하고
-   * callback은 noop으로 둔다 (실제 hold/release는 uiohook이 처리).
-   * 변환 실패 시 null.
-   */
-  acceleratorString: string | null
-}
-
-export type HotkeyModifier = 'ctrl' | 'alt' | 'shift' | 'meta'
-
-interface HotkeyServiceEvents {
-  'hotkey-pressed': (payload: { config: HotkeyConfig; timestamp: number }) => void
-  'hotkey-released': (payload: {
-    config: HotkeyConfig
-    durationMs: number
-    timestamp: number
-  }) => void
-  'double-press': (payload: {
-    config: HotkeyConfig
-    intervalMs: number
-    timestamp: number
-  }) => void
-  error: (payload: { error: D3ROError }) => void
-}
-
-// ============================================================
-// Windows VK 코드 → uiohook 키코드 매핑
-// ============================================================
-
-/**
- * Windows Virtual-Key 코드를 uiohook-napi 키코드로 변환한다.
- * ConfigService에 저장된 HotkeyBinding.keyCode는 Windows VK 코드이므로
- * uiohook 이벤트와 비교하려면 변환이 필요하다.
- */
-const VK_TO_UIOHOOK: ReadonlyMap<number, number> = new Map([
-  // 수정자 키
-  [0xa0, UiohookKey.Shift], // VK_LSHIFT
-  [0xa1, UiohookKey.ShiftRight], // VK_RSHIFT
-  [0xa2, UiohookKey.Ctrl], // VK_LCONTROL
-  [0xa3, UiohookKey.CtrlRight], // VK_RCONTROL
-  [0xa4, UiohookKey.Alt], // VK_LMENU
-  [0xa5, UiohookKey.AltRight], // VK_RMENU (Right Alt)
-  [0x5b, UiohookKey.Meta], // VK_LWIN
-  [0x5c, UiohookKey.MetaRight], // VK_RWIN
-
-  // 기능 키
-  [0x70, UiohookKey.F1],
-  [0x71, UiohookKey.F2],
-  [0x72, UiohookKey.F3],
-  [0x73, UiohookKey.F4],
-  [0x74, UiohookKey.F5],
-  [0x75, UiohookKey.F6],
-  [0x76, UiohookKey.F7],
-  [0x77, UiohookKey.F8],
-  [0x78, UiohookKey.F9],
-  [0x79, UiohookKey.F10],
-  [0x7a, UiohookKey.F11],
-  [0x7b, UiohookKey.F12],
-
-  // 일반 키
-  [0x20, UiohookKey.Space],
-  [0x0d, UiohookKey.Enter],
-  [0x1b, UiohookKey.Escape],
-  [0x08, UiohookKey.Backspace],
-  [0x09, UiohookKey.Tab],
-  [0x2d, UiohookKey.Insert],
-  [0x2e, UiohookKey.Delete],
-  [0x24, UiohookKey.Home],
-  [0x23, UiohookKey.End],
-  [0x21, UiohookKey.PageUp],
-  [0x22, UiohookKey.PageDown],
-  [0x25, UiohookKey.ArrowLeft],
-  [0x26, UiohookKey.ArrowUp],
-  [0x27, UiohookKey.ArrowRight],
-  [0x28, UiohookKey.ArrowDown],
-
-  // 알파벳 (VK_A=0x41 ~ VK_Z=0x5A)
-  [0x41, UiohookKey.A],
-  [0x42, UiohookKey.B],
-  [0x43, UiohookKey.C],
-  [0x44, UiohookKey.D],
-  [0x45, UiohookKey.E],
-  [0x46, UiohookKey.F],
-  [0x47, UiohookKey.G],
-  [0x48, UiohookKey.H],
-  [0x49, UiohookKey.I],
-  [0x4a, UiohookKey.J],
-  [0x4b, UiohookKey.K],
-  [0x4c, UiohookKey.L],
-  [0x4d, UiohookKey.M],
-  [0x4e, UiohookKey.N],
-  [0x4f, UiohookKey.O],
-  [0x50, UiohookKey.P],
-  [0x51, UiohookKey.Q],
-  [0x52, UiohookKey.R],
-  [0x53, UiohookKey.S],
-  [0x54, UiohookKey.T],
-  [0x55, UiohookKey.U],
-  [0x56, UiohookKey.V],
-  [0x57, UiohookKey.W],
-  [0x58, UiohookKey.X],
-  [0x59, UiohookKey.Y],
-  [0x5a, UiohookKey.Z],
-
-  // 숫자 (VK_0=0x30 ~ VK_9=0x39)
-  [0x30, UiohookKey['0']],
-  [0x31, UiohookKey['1']],
-  [0x32, UiohookKey['2']],
-  [0x33, UiohookKey['3']],
-  [0x34, UiohookKey['4']],
-  [0x35, UiohookKey['5']],
-  [0x36, UiohookKey['6']],
-  [0x37, UiohookKey['7']],
-  [0x38, UiohookKey['8']],
-  [0x39, UiohookKey['9']]
-])
-
-// Windows VK → Electron Accelerator key string
-function vkToAcceleratorKey(vk: number): string | null {
-  // 0~9
-  if (vk >= 0x30 && vk <= 0x39) return String.fromCharCode(vk)
-  // A~Z
-  if (vk >= 0x41 && vk <= 0x5a) return String.fromCharCode(vk)
-  // F1~F24
-  if (vk >= 0x70 && vk <= 0x87) return `F${vk - 0x6f}`
-
-  switch (vk) {
-    case 0x20: return 'Space'
-    case 0x0d: return 'Return'
-    case 0x1b: return 'Esc'
-    case 0x08: return 'Backspace'
-    case 0x09: return 'Tab'
-    case 0x2d: return 'Insert'
-    case 0x2e: return 'Delete'
-    case 0x24: return 'Home'
-    case 0x23: return 'End'
-    case 0x21: return 'PageUp'
-    case 0x22: return 'PageDown'
-    case 0x25: return 'Left'
-    case 0x26: return 'Up'
-    case 0x27: return 'Right'
-    case 0x28: return 'Down'
-    case 0xba: return ';'
-    case 0xbb: return '='
-    case 0xbc: return ','
-    case 0xbd: return '-'
-    case 0xbe: return '.'
-    case 0xbf: return '/'
-    case 0xc0: return '`'
-    case 0xdb: return '['
-    case 0xdc: return '\\'
-    case 0xdd: return ']'
-    case 0xde: return "'"
-    default: return null
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * HotkeyBinding을 Electron globalShortcut accelerator로 변환.
- * macOS Cmd → 'Cmd', Windows Win key → 'Super'.
- */
-function bindingToAccelerator(binding: HotkeyBinding): string | null {
-  const key = vkToAcceleratorKey(binding.keyCode)
-  if (!key) return null
-
-  // 단일 modifier 키 자체를 단축키로 쓰는 경우 (예: Right Alt 단독) — accelerator 등록 불가.
-  // 일반 키와 modifier가 함께일 때만 등록.
-  const hasModifier = binding.ctrl || binding.alt || binding.shift || binding.meta
-  if (!hasModifier) {
-    // F1~F24, Esc 등 단일키는 등록 가능. 단 modifier 키 자체는 제외.
-    const isModifierKey =
-      binding.keyCode === 0x10 ||
-      binding.keyCode === 0x11 ||
-      binding.keyCode === 0x12 ||
-      binding.keyCode === 0x5b ||
-      binding.keyCode === 0x5c ||
-      (binding.keyCode >= 0xa0 && binding.keyCode <= 0xa5)
-    if (isModifierKey) return null
-  }
-
-  const parts: string[] = []
-  if (binding.ctrl) parts.push('Control')
-  if (binding.alt) parts.push('Alt')
-  if (binding.shift) parts.push('Shift')
-  if (binding.meta) parts.push(process.platform === 'darwin' ? 'Cmd' : 'Super')
-  parts.push(key)
-  return parts.join('+')
-}
-
-/**
- * HotkeyBinding(Windows VK 코드)을 HotkeyConfig(uiohook 키코드)로 변환한다.
- */
-function bindingToConfig(
-  id: string,
-  binding: HotkeyBinding,
-  holdMode: boolean,
-  doublePressEnabled: boolean
-): HotkeyConfig {
-  const uiohookKeyCode = VK_TO_UIOHOOK.get(binding.keyCode)
-
-  if (uiohookKeyCode === undefined) {
-    logger.warn(
-      `Unknown VK code 0x${binding.keyCode.toString(16)} for hotkey "${id}", ` +
-        `using raw value ${binding.keyCode}`
-    )
-  }
-
-  const modifiers: HotkeyModifier[] = []
-  if (binding.ctrl) modifiers.push('ctrl')
-  if (binding.alt) modifiers.push('alt')
-  if (binding.shift) modifiers.push('shift')
-  if (binding.meta) modifiers.push('meta')
-
-  return {
-    id,
-    keyCode: uiohookKeyCode ?? binding.keyCode,
-    modifiers,
-    holdMode,
-    doublePressEnabled,
-    enabled: true,
-    acceleratorString: bindingToAccelerator(binding)
-  }
-}
-
-// ============================================================
-// HotkeyService 클래스
-// ============================================================
-
-class HotkeyService extends EventEmitter {
-  private _isRunning = false
-  private _registeredHotkeys: Map<string, HotkeyConfig> = new Map()
-
-  /** 더블프레스 감지용: 마지막 press 시각 */
-  private _lastPressTime: Map<string, number> = new Map()
-
-  /** hold duration 계산용: press 시작 시각 */
-  private _pressStartTime: Map<string, number> = new Map()
-
-  /** 키 반복(auto-repeat) 방지: 현재 눌려있는 키 */
-  private _isKeyDown: Map<string, boolean> = new Map()
-
-  /** uiohook 이벤트 핸들러 (바인딩 해제용) */
-  private _onKeyDown: ((e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => void) | null = null
-  private _onKeyUp: ((e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => void) | null = null
-
-  get isRunning(): boolean {
-    return this._isRunning
-  }
-
-  get registeredHotkeys(): ReadonlyMap<string, HotkeyConfig> {
-    return this._registeredHotkeys
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * uiohook 글로벌 키보드 후킹을 시작한다.
-   * 이미 실행 중이면 무시.
-   */
-  start(): void {
-    if (this._isRunning) {
-      logger.warn('HotkeyService already running')
-      return
-    }
-
-    try {
-      this._onKeyDown = (e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => this._handleKeyDown(e)
-      this._onKeyUp = (e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => this._handleKeyUp(e)
-
-      uIOhook.on('keydown', this._onKeyDown)
-      uIOhook.on('keyup', this._onKeyUp)
-      uIOhook.start()
-
-      this._isRunning = true
-      logger.info('uiohook started, global keyboard hook active')
-    } catch (error) {
-      const d3roError = new D3ROError(
-        ErrorCode.HotkeyHookInitFailed,
-        `Failed to start uiohook: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
-      )
-      this.emit('error', { error: d3roError })
-      logger.error(d3roError.message)
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * uiohook 글로벌 키보드 후킹을 중지한다.
-   */
-  stop(): void {
-    if (!this._isRunning) {
-      return
-    }
-
-    try {
-      uIOhook.stop()
-
-      if (this._onKeyDown) {
-        uIOhook.removeListener('keydown', this._onKeyDown)
-        this._onKeyDown = null
-      }
-      if (this._onKeyUp) {
-        uIOhook.removeListener('keyup', this._onKeyUp)
-        this._onKeyUp = null
-      }
-
-      this._isRunning = false
-      this._isKeyDown.clear()
-      this._pressStartTime.clear()
-
-      // 등록된 모든 globalShortcut 해제
-      try {
-        globalShortcut.unregisterAll()
-      } catch (err) {
-        logger.warn(
-          `globalShortcut.unregisterAll failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`
-        )
-      }
-
-      logger.info('uiohook stopped')
-    } catch (error) {
-      logger.error(
-        `Failed to stop uiohook: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
-      )
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 핫키를 등록한다. 동일 ID가 이미 등록되어 있으면 갱신한다.
-   *
-   * macOS에서 hold 모드 핫키는 uiohook이 처리하지만, OS가 키를 swallow하지 않아
-   * focused app/desktop으로 전달되어 시스템 beep이 나는 경우가 있다.
-   * Electron globalShortcut을 noop callback과 함께 등록하면 OS가 키를 swallow하므로
-   * uiohook은 그대로 keydown/keyup을 받으면서 beep만 차단된다.
-   */
-  registerHotkey(config: HotkeyConfig): void {
-    if (!config.enabled) {
-      logger.debug(`Hotkey "${config.id}" is disabled, skipping registration`)
-      return
-    }
-
-    // 기존 등록이 있으면 globalShortcut도 한 번 해제 (accelerator 변경 가능성)
-    const existing = this._registeredHotkeys.get(config.id)
-    if (existing?.acceleratorString) {
-      try {
-        if (globalShortcut.isRegistered(existing.acceleratorString)) {
-          globalShortcut.unregister(existing.acceleratorString)
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        logger.warn(
-          `globalShortcut unregister (existing) failed for "${config.id}": ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`
-        )
-      }
-    }
-
-    this._registeredHotkeys.set(config.id, config)
-
-    // macOS beep 차단용 globalShortcut 등록 (callback은 noop, 실제 처리는 uiohook)
-    if (config.acceleratorString) {
-      try {
-        const ok = globalShortcut.register(config.acceleratorString, () => {
-          // noop — uiohook이 hold/release를 책임진다.
-        })
-        if (!ok) {
-          logger.warn(
-            `globalShortcut.register returned false for "${config.id}" (${config.acceleratorString}) — beep 차단 실패`
-          )
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        logger.warn(
-          `globalShortcut.register failed for "${config.id}": ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`
-        )
-      }
-    }
-
-    logger.info(
-      `Hotkey registered: "${config.id}" ` +
-        `(keyCode=${config.keyCode}, modifiers=[${config.modifiers.join(',')}], ` +
-        `holdMode=${config.holdMode}, doublePress=${config.doublePressEnabled}, ` +
-        `accelerator=${config.acceleratorString ?? 'N/A'})`
-    )
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 핫키 등록을 해제한다.
-   */
-  unregisterHotkey(id: string): void {
-    const existing = this._registeredHotkeys.get(id)
-    if (existing?.acceleratorString) {
-      try {
-        if (globalShortcut.isRegistered(existing.acceleratorString)) {
-          globalShortcut.unregister(existing.acceleratorString)
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        logger.warn(
-          `globalShortcut unregister failed for "${id}": ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`
-        )
-      }
-    }
-    if (this._registeredHotkeys.delete(id)) {
-      this._lastPressTime.delete(id)
-      this._pressStartTime.delete(id)
-      this._isKeyDown.delete(id)
-      logger.info(`Hotkey unregistered: "${id}"`)
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * ConfigService에서 핫키 설정을 로드하여 등록한다.
-   */
-  loadFromConfig(): void {
-    const hotkeyEnabled = configGet('hotkeyEnabled')
-    if (!hotkeyEnabled) {
-      logger.info('Hotkeys disabled in config')
-      return
-    }
-
-    const dictationBinding = configGet('dictationShortcut')
-    const handsFreeBinding = configGet('handsFreeShortcut')
-    const commandBinding = configGet('commandShortcut')
-    const captionBinding = configGet('captionShortcut')
-
-    // 기존 핫키 초기화
-    this._registeredHotkeys.clear()
-
-    // Dictation: hold-to-talk, 더블프레스 비활성
-    this.registerHotkey(
-      bindingToConfig('voice-dictation', dictationBinding, true, false)
-    )
-
-    // Hands-free: toggle, 더블프레스 활성
-    this.registerHotkey(
-      bindingToConfig('voice-handsfree', handsFreeBinding, false, true)
-    )
-
-    // Command: toggle, 더블프레스 비활성
-    this.registerHotkey(
-      bindingToConfig('voice-command', commandBinding, false, false)
-    )
-
-    // Caption: toggle (자막 모드 시작/정지), 더블프레스 비활성
-    this.registerHotkey(
-      bindingToConfig('voice-caption', captionBinding, false, false)
-    )
-
-    logger.info(
-      `Loaded ${this._registeredHotkeys.size} hotkeys from config`
-    )
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 서비스 리소스를 정리한다.
-   */
-  dispose(): void {
-    this.stop()
-    this._registeredHotkeys.clear()
-    this._lastPressTime.clear()
-    this._pressStartTime.clear()
-    this._isKeyDown.clear()
-    this.removeAllListeners()
-    logger.info('HotkeyService disposed')
-  }
-
-  // ============================================================
-  // 내부: 키 이벤트 처리
-  // ============================================================
-
-  /**
-   * 키 다운 이벤트를 처리한다.
-   * 등록된 핫키 중 매칭되는 것을 찾아 적절한 이벤트를 발행한다.
-   */
-  private _handleKeyDown(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent): void {
-    const matched = this._findMatchingHotkey(e)
-    if (!matched) return
-
-    const { id } = matched
-
-    // 키 반복(auto-repeat) 무시: 이미 눌려있으면 건너뜀
-    if (this._isKeyDown.get(id)) {
-      return
-    }
-    this._isKeyDown.set(id, true)
-
-    const now = Date.now()
-
-    // press 시작 시각 기록 (hold duration 계산용)
-    this._pressStartTime.set(id, now)
-
-    // 더블프레스 감지
-    if (matched.doublePressEnabled) {
-      const lastPress = this._lastPressTime.get(id)
-
-      if (lastPress !== undefined && now - lastPress < TIMING.DOUBLE_PRESS_DURATION) {
-        // 300ms 이내 연속 두 번 press = 더블프레스
-        this._lastPressTime.delete(id)
-
-        logger.debug(`Double-press detected: "${id}" (interval=${now - lastPress}ms)`)
-        this.emit('double-press', {
-          config: matched,
-          intervalMs: now - lastPress,
-          timestamp: now
-        })
-        return
-      }
-
-      this._lastPressTime.set(id, now)
-    }
-
-    logger.debug(`Hotkey pressed: "${id}"`)
-    this.emit('hotkey-pressed', {
-      config: matched,
-      timestamp: now
-    })
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 키 업 이벤트를 처리한다.
-   * Alt+1 같은 조합에서 Alt를 먼저 놓아도 release 감지해야 한다.
-   * 전략: pressed 상태인 핫키 중 구성 키(main key 또는 modifier)가 놓아지면 release.
-   */
-  private _handleKeyUp(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent): void {
-    // 방법 1: 정확한 매칭 시도
-    const matched = this._findMatchingHotkey(e)
-    if (matched && this._isKeyDown.get(matched.id)) {
-      this._fireRelease(matched)
-      return
-    }
-
-    // 방법 2: 현재 pressed인 핫키 중 구성 키가 놓아진 경우 (modifier 먼저 놓기 대응)
-    for (const config of this._registeredHotkeys.values()) {
-      if (!this._isKeyDown.get(config.id)) continue
-
-      // 놓아진 키가 이 핫키의 main key인가?
-      const isMainKey = e.keycode === config.keyCode
-      // 놓아진 키가 이 핫키의 modifier 중 하나인가?
-      const isModifier = this._isEventModifierOf(e, config)
-
-      if (isMainKey || isModifier) {
-        this._fireRelease(config)
-        return
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** pressed 핫키의 release 이벤트 발행 */
-  private _fireRelease(config: HotkeyConfig): void {
-    const { id } = config
-    this._isKeyDown.set(id, false)
-
-    const now = Date.now()
-    const pressStart = this._pressStartTime.get(id)
-    const durationMs = pressStart !== undefined ? now - pressStart : 0
-    this._pressStartTime.delete(id)
-
-    logger.debug(`Hotkey released: "${id}" (duration=${durationMs}ms)`)
-    this.emit('hotkey-released', {
-      config,
-      durationMs,
-      timestamp: now
-    })
-  }
-
-  /** 키 이벤트가 핫키의 modifier 구성요소인지 확인 */
-  private _isEventModifierOf(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent, config: HotkeyConfig): boolean {
-    const modifiers = config.modifiers ?? []
-    for (const mod of modifiers) {
-      if (mod === 'ctrl' && (this._isCtrlKeyCode(e.keycode))) return true
-      if (mod === 'alt' && (this._isAltKeyCode(e.keycode))) return true
-      if (mod === 'shift' && (this._isShiftKeyCode(e.keycode))) return true
-      if (mod === 'meta' && (this._isMetaKeyCode(e.keycode))) return true
-    }
-    return false
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * uiohook 키 이벤트와 등록된 핫키를 매칭한다.
-   * 키코드와 수정자 키가 모두 일치해야 매칭 성공.
-   */
-  private _findMatchingHotkey(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent): HotkeyConfig | null {
-    for (const config of this._registeredHotkeys.values()) {
-      if (!config.enabled) continue
-
-      // 키코드 일치 확인
-      if (e.keycode !== config.keyCode) continue
-
-      // 수정자 키 일치 확인
-      // 핫키에 지정된 수정자가 모두 눌려 있어야 하고,
-      // 지정되지 않은 수정자는 눌려 있으면 안 된다.
-      //
-      // 단, 핫키의 주 키 자체가 수정자 키인 경우(예: Right Alt 단독):
-      // - 해당 수정자의 altKey 등이 true로 올 수 있으므로,
-      //   modifiers에 해당 modifier가 **없을 때만** 이벤트의 해당 플래그를 무시한다.
-      // - modifiers에 해당 modifier가 **있으면** (예: Alt+Right Alt은 불가하므로)
-      //   해당 플래그가 true여야 매칭 성공.
-      //
-      // 예: Right Alt 단독 (keyCode=AltRight, modifiers=[])
-      //   → e.altKey가 true여도 wantsAlt=false이므로 bypass → match
-      // 예: Ctrl+Right Alt (keyCode=AltRight, modifiers=['ctrl'])
-      //   → e.altKey bypass, e.ctrlKey===true 체크 → match only with Ctrl held
-
-      const wantsCtrl = config.modifiers.includes('ctrl')
-      const wantsAlt = config.modifiers.includes('alt')
-      const wantsShift = config.modifiers.includes('shift')
-      const wantsMeta = config.modifiers.includes('meta')
-
-      // 주 키 자체가 해당 modifier인 경우, 그 modifier의 이벤트 플래그는 무시
-      const skipCtrl = this._isCtrlKeyCode(config.keyCode) && !wantsCtrl
-      const skipAlt = this._isAltKeyCode(config.keyCode) && !wantsAlt
-      const skipShift = this._isShiftKeyCode(config.keyCode) && !wantsShift
-      const skipMeta = this._isMetaKeyCode(config.keyCode) && !wantsMeta
-
-      const ctrlMatch = skipCtrl || (e.ctrlKey === wantsCtrl)
-      const altMatch = skipAlt || (e.altKey === wantsAlt)
-      const shiftMatch = skipShift || (e.shiftKey === wantsShift)
-      const metaMatch = skipMeta || (e.metaKey === wantsMeta)
-
-      if (ctrlMatch && altMatch && shiftMatch && metaMatch) {
-        return config
-      }
-    }
-
-    return null
-  }
-
-  private _isCtrlKeyCode(keyCode: number): boolean {
-    return keyCode === UiohookKey.Ctrl || keyCode === UiohookKey.CtrlRight
-  }
-
-  private _isAltKeyCode(keyCode: number): boolean {
-    return keyCode === UiohookKey.Alt || keyCode === UiohookKey.AltRight
-  }
-
-  private _isShiftKeyCode(keyCode: number): boolean {
-    return keyCode === UiohookKey.Shift || keyCode === UiohookKey.ShiftRight
-  }
-
-  private _isMetaKeyCode(keyCode: number): boolean {
-    return keyCode === UiohookKey.Meta || keyCode === UiohookKey.MetaRight
-  }
-
-  // ============================================================
-  // EventEmitter 타입 오버라이드
-  // ============================================================
-
-  override on<K extends keyof HotkeyServiceEvents>(
-    event: K,
-    listener: HotkeyServiceEvents[K]
-  ): this {
-    return super.on(event, listener)
-  }
-
-  override off<K extends keyof HotkeyServiceEvents>(
-    event: K,
-    listener: HotkeyServiceEvents[K]
-  ): this {
-    return super.off(event, listener)
-  }
-
-  override emit<K extends keyof HotkeyServiceEvents>(
-    event: K,
-    ...args: Parameters<HotkeyServiceEvents[K]>
-  ): boolean {
-    return super.emit(event, ...args)
-  }
-}
-
-// ============================================================
-// 싱글톤
-// ============================================================
-
-let instance: HotkeyService | null = null
-
-export function getHotkeyService(): HotkeyService {
-  if (!instance) {
-    instance = new HotkeyService()
-  }
-  return instance
-}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/services/KeyBindingService.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/services/KeyBindingService.ts
@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+// src/main/services/KeyBindingService.ts
+// uiohook-napi 기반 글로벌 키바인딩 후킹 서비스.
+//
+// 바인딩 계약(키 목록·기본값·정규화·검증·충돌 판정)의 정본은 `packages/core/src/keybinding.ts` 다.
+// 이 파일은 두 가지만 책임진다:
+//   1) 정본 좌표계(Windows VK / MouseButton) ↔ uiohook 이벤트 좌표계 변환
+//   2) press / release · 더블프레스 · auto-repeat 런타임 상태 머신
+//
+// 런타임 상태는 액션 id 가 아니라 bindingKey() 로 키잉한다 —
+// 한 액션에 여러 바인딩이 붙고, 여러 액션이 한 바인딩을 공유하기 때문이다.
+
+import { EventEmitter } from 'events'
+import { globalShortcut } from 'electron'
+import { uIOhook, UiohookKey } from 'uiohook-napi'
+import type { UiohookKeyboardEvent, UiohookMouseEvent } from 'uiohook-napi'
+import { getLogger } from './LoggerService'
+import { configGet } from './ConfigService'
+import { D3ROError, ErrorCode } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
+import { TIMING } from '@d3ro/core/constants'
+import {
+  KEYBINDING_ACTIONS,
+  MouseButton,
+  VK,
+  bindingKey,
+  normalizeBinding
+} from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import type {
+  KeyBinding,
+  KeyBindingActionId,
+  KeyBindingActionSpec,
+  MouseButtonCode
+} from '@d3ro/core/types'
+
+const logger = getLogger('KeyBindingService')
+
+// ============================================================
+// 이벤트 페이로드
+// ============================================================
+
+export interface KeyBindingTriggerPayload {
+  actionId: KeyBindingActionId
+  type: 'pressed' | 'released'
+  /** 더블프레스로 트리거된 누름인지 */
+  isDoublePress: boolean
+  /** KEYBINDING_ACTIONS 의 holdMode — 소비자가 hold-to-talk / 토글을 분기하는 데 쓴다 */
+  holdMode: boolean
+  timestamp: number
+  /** type === 'released' 일 때의 누름 유지 시간 (pressed 는 0) */
+  durationMs: number
+}
+
+interface KeyBindingServiceEvents {
+  triggered: (payload: KeyBindingTriggerPayload) => void
+  error: (payload: { error: D3ROError }) => void
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Windows VK ↔ uiohook 키코드
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Windows Virtual-Key 코드 → uiohook-napi 키코드.
+ * 저장·IPC 의 KeyBinding.code 는 VK 이므로 uiohook 이벤트와 비교하려면 변환이 필요하다.
+ * 여기에 없는 키는 uiohook 이벤트로 관측할 수 없으므로 등록 시점에 건너뛴다.
+ */
+const VK_TO_UIOHOOK: ReadonlyMap<number, number> = new Map([
+  // 수정자 키
+  [VK.ShiftLeft, UiohookKey.Shift],
+  [VK.ShiftRight, UiohookKey.ShiftRight],
+  [VK.CtrlLeft, UiohookKey.Ctrl],
+  [VK.CtrlRight, UiohookKey.CtrlRight],
+  [VK.AltLeft, UiohookKey.Alt],
+  [VK.AltRight, UiohookKey.AltRight],
+  [VK.MetaLeft, UiohookKey.Meta],
+  [VK.MetaRight, UiohookKey.MetaRight],
+
+  // 기능 키 F1~F24
+  [0x70, UiohookKey.F1],
+  [0x71, UiohookKey.F2],
+  [0x72, UiohookKey.F3],
+  [0x73, UiohookKey.F4],
+  [0x74, UiohookKey.F5],
+  [0x75, UiohookKey.F6],
+  [0x76, UiohookKey.F7],
+  [0x77, UiohookKey.F8],
+  [0x78, UiohookKey.F9],
+  [0x79, UiohookKey.F10],
+  [0x7a, UiohookKey.F11],
+  [0x7b, UiohookKey.F12],
+  [0x7c, UiohookKey.F13],
+  [0x7d, UiohookKey.F14],
+  [0x7e, UiohookKey.F15],
+  [0x7f, UiohookKey.F16],
+  [0x80, UiohookKey.F17],
+  [0x81, UiohookKey.F18],
+  [0x82, UiohookKey.F19],
+  [0x83, UiohookKey.F20],
+  [0x84, UiohookKey.F21],
+  [0x85, UiohookKey.F22],
+  [0x86, UiohookKey.F23],
+  [0x87, UiohookKey.F24],
+
+  // 편집 키
+  [VK.Space, UiohookKey.Space],
+  [VK.Enter, UiohookKey.Enter],
+  [VK.Escape, UiohookKey.Escape],
+  [VK.Backspace, UiohookKey.Backspace],
+  [VK.Tab, UiohookKey.Tab],
+  [VK.CapsLock, UiohookKey.CapsLock],
+
+  // 내비게이션 키
+  [VK.Insert, UiohookKey.Insert],
+  [VK.Delete, UiohookKey.Delete],
+  [VK.Home, UiohookKey.Home],
+  [VK.End, UiohookKey.End],
+  [VK.PageUp, UiohookKey.PageUp],
+  [VK.PageDown, UiohookKey.PageDown],
+  [VK.ArrowLeft, UiohookKey.ArrowLeft],
+  [VK.ArrowUp, UiohookKey.ArrowUp],
+  [VK.ArrowRight, UiohookKey.ArrowRight],
+  [VK.ArrowDown, UiohookKey.ArrowDown],
+
+  // 알파벳 (VK_A=0x41 ~ VK_Z=0x5A)
+  [0x41, UiohookKey.A],
+  [0x42, UiohookKey.B],
+  [0x43, UiohookKey.C],
+  [0x44, UiohookKey.D],
+  [0x45, UiohookKey.E],
+  [0x46, UiohookKey.F],
+  [0x47, UiohookKey.G],
+  [0x48, UiohookKey.H],
+  [0x49, UiohookKey.I],
+  [0x4a, UiohookKey.J],
+  [0x4b, UiohookKey.K],
+  [0x4c, UiohookKey.L],
+  [0x4d, UiohookKey.M],
+  [0x4e, UiohookKey.N],
+  [0x4f, UiohookKey.O],
+  [0x50, UiohookKey.P],
+  [0x51, UiohookKey.Q],
+  [0x52, UiohookKey.R],
+  [0x53, UiohookKey.S],
+  [0x54, UiohookKey.T],
+  [0x55, UiohookKey.U],
+  [0x56, UiohookKey.V],
+  [0x57, UiohookKey.W],
+  [0x58, UiohookKey.X],
+  [0x59, UiohookKey.Y],
+  [0x5a, UiohookKey.Z],
+
+  // 숫자 (VK_0=0x30 ~ VK_9=0x39)
+  [0x30, UiohookKey['0']],
+  [0x31, UiohookKey['1']],
+  [0x32, UiohookKey['2']],
+  [0x33, UiohookKey['3']],
+  [0x34, UiohookKey['4']],
+  [0x35, UiohookKey['5']],
+  [0x36, UiohookKey['6']],
+  [0x37, UiohookKey['7']],
+  [0x38, UiohookKey['8']],
+  [0x39, UiohookKey['9']],
+
+  // 넘패드
+  [VK.Numpad0, UiohookKey.Numpad0],
+  [0x61, UiohookKey.Numpad1],
+  [0x62, UiohookKey.Numpad2],
+  [0x63, UiohookKey.Numpad3],
+  [0x64, UiohookKey.Numpad4],
+  [0x65, UiohookKey.Numpad5],
+  [0x66, UiohookKey.Numpad6],
+  [0x67, UiohookKey.Numpad7],
+  [0x68, UiohookKey.Numpad8],
+  [VK.Numpad9, UiohookKey.Numpad9],
+  [VK.NumpadMultiply, UiohookKey.NumpadMultiply],
+  [VK.NumpadAdd, UiohookKey.NumpadAdd],
+  [VK.NumpadSubtract, UiohookKey.NumpadSubtract],
+  [VK.NumpadDecimal, UiohookKey.NumpadDecimal],
+  [VK.NumpadDivide, UiohookKey.NumpadDivide],
+
+  // 문장부호
+  [VK.Semicolon, UiohookKey.Semicolon],
+  [VK.Equal, UiohookKey.Equal],
+  [VK.Comma, UiohookKey.Comma],
+  [VK.Minus, UiohookKey.Minus],
+  [VK.Period, UiohookKey.Period],
+  [VK.Slash, UiohookKey.Slash],
+  [VK.Backquote, UiohookKey.Backquote],
+  [VK.BracketLeft, UiohookKey.BracketLeft],
+  [VK.Backslash, UiohookKey.Backslash],
+  [VK.BracketRight, UiohookKey.BracketRight],
+  [VK.Quote, UiohookKey.Quote],
+
+  // 시스템 키
+  [VK.PrintScreen, UiohookKey.PrintScreen],
+  [VK.ScrollLock, UiohookKey.ScrollLock],
+  [VK.NumLock, UiohookKey.NumLock]
+])
+
+const UIOHOOK_TO_VK: ReadonlyMap<number, number> = new Map(
+  Array.from(VK_TO_UIOHOOK, ([vk, uiohookCode]) => [uiohookCode, vk] as const)
+)
+
+function isCtrlCode(code: number): boolean {
+  return code === UiohookKey.Ctrl || code === UiohookKey.CtrlRight
+}
+
+function isAltCode(code: number): boolean {
+  return code === UiohookKey.Alt || code === UiohookKey.AltRight
+}
+
+function isShiftCode(code: number): boolean {
+  return code === UiohookKey.Shift || code === UiohookKey.ShiftRight
+}
+
+function isMetaCode(code: number): boolean {
+  return code === UiohookKey.Meta || code === UiohookKey.MetaRight
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 마우스 버튼 좁히기
+// ============================================================
+
+const MOUSE_BUTTON_CODES: readonly MouseButtonCode[] = [
+  MouseButton.Left,
+  MouseButton.Right,
+  MouseButton.Middle,
+  MouseButton.Back,
+  MouseButton.Forward
+]
+
+/**
+ * uiohook-napi 의 `UiohookMouseEvent.button` 은 타입이 `unknown` 이다.
+ * libuiohook 은 MOUSE_BUTTON1..5 를 숫자로 싣고 보내므로 여기서 좁힌다.
+ */
+function readMouseButton(event: UiohookMouseEvent): MouseButtonCode | null {
+  const raw: unknown = event.button
+  if (typeof raw !== 'number' || !Number.isInteger(raw)) return null
+  const found = MOUSE_BUTTON_CODES.find((code) => code === raw)
+  return found ?? null
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Electron accelerator 변환 (macOS beep 차단 전용)
+// ============================================================
+
+function vkToAcceleratorKey(vk: number): string | null {
+  if (vk >= VK.Digit0 && vk <= VK.Digit9) return String.fromCharCode(vk)
+  if (vk >= VK.A && vk <= VK.Z) return String.fromCharCode(vk)
+  if (vk >= VK.F1 && vk <= VK.F24) return `F${vk - VK.F1 + 1}`
+
+  switch (vk) {
+    case VK.Space: return 'Space'
+    case VK.Enter: return 'Return'
+    case VK.Escape: return 'Esc'
+    case VK.Backspace: return 'Backspace'
+    case VK.Tab: return 'Tab'
+    case VK.Insert: return 'Insert'
+    case VK.Delete: return 'Delete'
+    case VK.Home: return 'Home'
+    case VK.End: return 'End'
+    case VK.PageUp: return 'PageUp'
+    case VK.PageDown: return 'PageDown'
+    case VK.ArrowLeft: return 'Left'
+    case VK.ArrowUp: return 'Up'
+    case VK.ArrowRight: return 'Right'
+    case VK.ArrowDown: return 'Down'
+    case VK.PrintScreen: return 'PrintScreen'
+    case VK.NumLock: return 'Numlock'
+    case VK.ScrollLock: return 'Scrolllock'
+    case VK.Semicolon: return ';'
+    case VK.Equal: return '='
+    case VK.Comma: return ','
+    case VK.Minus: return '-'
+    case VK.Period: return '.'
+    case VK.Slash: return '/'
+    case VK.Backquote: return '`'
+    case VK.BracketLeft: return '['
+    case VK.Backslash: return '\\'
+    case VK.BracketRight: return ']'
+    case VK.Quote: return "'"
+    default: return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 키보드 바인딩 → Electron globalShortcut accelerator.
+ *
+ * globalShortcut 은 **macOS 시스템 beep 차단 용도로만** 쓴다.
+ * OS 가 키를 swallow 하게 만들어 focused app 으로 전달되지 않게 하고,
+ * 실제 press/release 처리는 uiohook 이 그대로 담당한다.
+ * 수정자 키 자체를 주 키로 쓰는 바인딩(예: Right Alt 단독)은 accelerator 로 표현할 수 없다.
+ */
+function bindingToAccelerator(binding: KeyBinding): string | null {
+  const key = vkToAcceleratorKey(binding.code)
+  if (key === null) return null
+
+  const parts: string[] = []
+  if (binding.ctrl) parts.push('Control')
+  if (binding.alt) parts.push('Alt')
+  if (binding.shift) parts.push('Shift')
+  if (binding.meta) parts.push(process.platform === 'darwin' ? 'Cmd' : 'Super')
+  parts.push(key)
+  return parts.join('+')
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 내부 타입
+// ============================================================
+
+interface RegisteredBinding {
+  actionId: KeyBindingActionId
+  spec: KeyBindingActionSpec
+  /** 정본 좌표계 바인딩 (정규화 완료) */
+  binding: KeyBinding
+  /** keyboard → uiohook 키코드 / mouse → MouseButton 코드 */
+  eventCode: number
+  /** macOS beep 차단용 accelerator. 마우스 바인딩과 변환 불가 키는 null */
+  accelerator: string | null
+}
+
+interface ActiveTrigger {
+  actionId: KeyBindingActionId
+  isDoublePress: boolean
+  holdMode: boolean
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// KeyBindingService
+// ============================================================
+
+class KeyBindingService extends EventEmitter {
+  private _isRunning = false
+
+  /** bindingKey → 그 바인딩을 쓰는 액션들. 매칭은 이 역인덱스 조회로 끝난다. */
+  private _byBindingKey: Map<string, RegisteredBinding[]> = new Map()
+
+  /** 이 서비스가 직접 등록한 accelerator만 추적한다 (다른 곳의 등록을 해제하지 않기 위해) */
+  private _ownedAccelerators: Set<string> = new Set()
+
+  /** 키 반복(auto-repeat) 방지: 현재 눌려있는 바인딩 */
+  private _isKeyDown: Map<string, boolean> = new Map()
+
+  /** hold duration 계산용: press 시작 시각 */
+  private _pressStartTime: Map<string, number> = new Map()
+
+  /** 더블프레스 감지용: 마지막 press 시각 */
+  private _lastPressTime: Map<string, number> = new Map()
+
+  /** 현재 누름에서 실제로 트리거된 액션 — release 를 같은 대상에게만 보낸다 */
+  private _activeTriggers: Map<string, ActiveTrigger[]> = new Map()
+
+  private _onKeyDown: ((e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => void) | null = null
+  private _onKeyUp: ((e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => void) | null = null
+  private _onMouseDown: ((e: UiohookMouseEvent) => void) | null = null
+  private _onMouseUp: ((e: UiohookMouseEvent) => void) | null = null
+
+  get isRunning(): boolean {
+    return this._isRunning
+  }
+
+  /** 등록된 바인딩 수 (bindingKey 기준) */
+  get registeredBindingCount(): number {
+    return this._byBindingKey.size
+  }
+
+  // ── 수명 주기 ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /**
+   * uiohook 글로벌 후킹을 시작한다. 이미 실행 중이면 무시.
+   *
+   * mousemove / wheel / click 은 구독하지 않는다 — 고빈도이고 바인딩 대상이 아니다.
+   */
+  start(): void {
+    if (this._isRunning) {
+      logger.warn('KeyBindingService already running')
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      this._onKeyDown = (e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => this._handleKeyDown(e)
+      this._onKeyUp = (e: UiohookKeyboardEvent) => this._handleKeyUp(e)
+      this._onMouseDown = (e: UiohookMouseEvent) => this._handleMouseDown(e)
+      this._onMouseUp = (e: UiohookMouseEvent) => this._handleMouseUp(e)
+
+      uIOhook.on('keydown', this._onKeyDown)
+      uIOhook.on('keyup', this._onKeyUp)
+      uIOhook.on('mousedown', this._onMouseDown)
+      uIOhook.on('mouseup', this._onMouseUp)
+      uIOhook.start()
+
+      this._isRunning = true
+      this._syncAccelerators()
+      logger.info('uiohook started, global keyboard/mouse hook active')
+    } catch (error) {
+      const d3roError = new D3ROError(
+        ErrorCode.HotkeyHookInitFailed,
+        `Failed to start uiohook: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+      )
+      this.emit('error', { error: d3roError })
+      logger.error(d3roError.message)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** uiohook 글로벌 후킹을 중지한다. 이 서비스가 등록한 accelerator만 해제한다. */
+  stop(): void {
+    if (!this._isRunning) return
+
+    try {
+      uIOhook.stop()
+
+      if (this._onKeyDown) {
+        uIOhook.removeListener('keydown', this._onKeyDown)
+        this._onKeyDown = null
+      }
+      if (this._onKeyUp) {
+        uIOhook.removeListener('keyup', this._onKeyUp)
+        this._onKeyUp = null
+      }
+      if (this._onMouseDown) {
+        uIOhook.removeListener('mousedown', this._onMouseDown)
+        this._onMouseDown = null
+      }
+      if (this._onMouseUp) {
+        uIOhook.removeListener('mouseup', this._onMouseUp)
+        this._onMouseUp = null
+      }
+
+      this._isRunning = false
+      this._clearRuntimeState()
+      this._unregisterOwnedAccelerators()
+
+      logger.info('uiohook stopped')
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error(
+        `Failed to stop uiohook: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.stop()
+    this._byBindingKey.clear()
+    this._unregisterOwnedAccelerators()
+    this._clearRuntimeState()
+    this.removeAllListeners()
+    logger.info('KeyBindingService disposed')
+  }
+
+  // ── 등록 ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /** ConfigService 의 keyBindings 를 읽어 역인덱스를 다시 만든다. */
+  loadFromConfig(): void {
+    this._byBindingKey.clear()
+    this._clearRuntimeState()
+
+    if (!configGet('hotkeyEnabled')) {
+      this._unregisterOwnedAccelerators()
+      logger.info('Key bindings disabled in config')
+      return
+    }
+
+    const map = configGet('keyBindings')
+    for (const spec of KEYBINDING_ACTIONS) {
+      for (const raw of map[spec.id] ?? []) {
+        this._register(spec, raw)
+      }
+    }
+
+    this._syncAccelerators()
+    logger.info(
+      `Loaded ${this._byBindingKey.size} key binding(s) from config ` +
+        `for ${KEYBINDING_ACTIONS.length} action(s)`
+    )
+  }
+
+  private _register(spec: KeyBindingActionSpec, raw: KeyBinding): void {
+    const binding = normalizeBinding(raw)
+
+    let eventCode: number | null
+    if (binding.device === 'mouse') {
+      eventCode = binding.code
+    } else {
+      eventCode = VK_TO_UIOHOOK.get(binding.code) ?? null
+    }
+
+    if (eventCode === null) {
+      logger.warn(
+        `Key code 0x${binding.code.toString(16)} has no uiohook equivalent ` +
+          `— binding for action "${spec.id}" is not registered`
+      )
+      return
+    }
+
+    const key = bindingKey(binding)
+    const entry: RegisteredBinding = {
+      actionId: spec.id,
+      spec,
+      binding,
+      eventCode,
+      accelerator: binding.device === 'keyboard' ? bindingToAccelerator(binding) : null
+    }
+
+    const existing = this._byBindingKey.get(key)
+    if (existing === undefined) {
+      this._byBindingKey.set(key, [entry])
+      return
+    }
+    // 같은 액션이 같은 바인딩을 두 번 들고 있으면 한 번 누를 때 두 번 트리거된다.
+    if (existing.some((registered) => registered.actionId === spec.id)) return
+    existing.push(entry)
+  }
+
+  // ── accelerator (macOS beep 차단) ──────────────────────
+
+  private _syncAccelerators(): void {
+    this._unregisterOwnedAccelerators()
+    if (!this._isRunning) return
+
+    for (const entries of this._byBindingKey.values()) {
+      // 같은 bindingKey 를 공유하는 엔트리는 바인딩이 동일하므로 accelerator 도 같다.
+      const accelerator = entries[0]?.accelerator
+      if (accelerator === undefined || accelerator === null) continue
+      if (this._ownedAccelerators.has(accelerator)) continue
+
+      try {
+        const ok = globalShortcut.register(accelerator, () => {
+          // noop — press/release 는 uiohook 이 책임진다. 등록 목적은 OS 의 키 swallow 다.
+        })
+        if (ok) {
+          this._ownedAccelerators.add(accelerator)
+        } else {
+          logger.warn(`globalShortcut.register returned false for "${accelerator}"`)
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        logger.warn(
+          `globalShortcut.register failed for "${accelerator}": ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`
+        )
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _unregisterOwnedAccelerators(): void {
+    for (const accelerator of this._ownedAccelerators) {
+      try {
+        globalShortcut.unregister(accelerator)
+      } catch (err) {
+        logger.warn(
+          `globalShortcut.unregister failed for "${accelerator}": ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    this._ownedAccelerators.clear()
+  }
+
+  private _clearRuntimeState(): void {
+    this._isKeyDown.clear()
+    this._pressStartTime.clear()
+    this._lastPressTime.clear()
+    this._activeTriggers.clear()
+  }
+
+  // ── 이벤트 → 바인딩 매칭 ───────────────────────────────
+
+  /**
+   * uiohook 이벤트를 정본 좌표계 bindingKey 로 옮긴다.
+   * normalizeBinding 이 "주 키가 수정자 자신"인 경우를 정리하므로
+   * Right Alt 단독 바인딩도 그대로 매칭된다.
+   */
+  private _keyboardEventKey(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent): string | null {
+    const vk = UIOHOOK_TO_VK.get(e.keycode)
+    if (vk === undefined) return null
+    return bindingKey({
+      device: 'keyboard',
+      code: vk,
+      ctrl: e.ctrlKey,
+      alt: e.altKey,
+      shift: e.shiftKey,
+      meta: e.metaKey
+    })
+  }
+
+  private _mouseEventKey(e: UiohookMouseEvent): string | null {
+    const button = readMouseButton(e)
+    if (button === null) return null
+    return bindingKey({
+      device: 'mouse',
+      code: button,
+      ctrl: e.ctrlKey,
+      alt: e.altKey,
+      shift: e.shiftKey,
+      meta: e.metaKey
+    })
+  }
+
+  private _handleKeyDown(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent): void {
+    const key = this._keyboardEventKey(e)
+    if (key === null) return
+    this._handlePress(key)
+  }
+
+  private _handleMouseDown(e: UiohookMouseEvent): void {
+    const key = this._mouseEventKey(e)
+    if (key === null) return
+    this._handlePress(key)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 키 업.
+   * Alt+1 같은 조합에서 수정자를 먼저 놓아도 release 를 놓치지 않아야 하므로,
+   * 정확 매칭이 실패하면 눌림 상태인 바인딩의 구성 키가 놓였는지도 확인한다.
+   */
+  private _handleKeyUp(e: UiohookKeyboardEvent): void {
+    const key = this._keyboardEventKey(e)
+    if (key !== null && this._isKeyDown.get(key) === true) {
+      this._fireRelease(key)
+      return
+    }
+    this._releaseByComponentKey(e.keycode)
+  }
+
+  private _handleMouseUp(e: UiohookMouseEvent): void {
+    const key = this._mouseEventKey(e)
+    if (key !== null && this._isKeyDown.get(key) === true) {
+      this._fireRelease(key)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** 눌림 상태인 바인딩 중 놓인 키가 주 키/수정자인 것을 release 시킨다. */
+  private _releaseByComponentKey(uiohookCode: number): void {
+    for (const [key, entries] of this._byBindingKey) {
+      if (this._isKeyDown.get(key) !== true) continue
+      const entry = entries[0]
+      if (entry === undefined) continue
+
+      const isMainKey =
+        entry.binding.device === 'keyboard' && entry.eventCode === uiohookCode
+      if (isMainKey || this._isModifierComponent(uiohookCode, entry.binding)) {
+        this._fireRelease(key)
+        return
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _isModifierComponent(uiohookCode: number, binding: KeyBinding): boolean {
+    if (binding.ctrl && isCtrlCode(uiohookCode)) return true
+    if (binding.alt && isAltCode(uiohookCode)) return true
+    if (binding.shift && isShiftCode(uiohookCode)) return true
+    if (binding.meta && isMetaCode(uiohookCode)) return true
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // ── press / release ────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private _handlePress(key: string): void {
+    const entries = this._byBindingKey.get(key)
+    if (entries === undefined || entries.length === 0) return
+
+    // 키 반복(auto-repeat) 무시
+    if (this._isKeyDown.get(key) === true) return
+    this._isKeyDown.set(key, true)
+
+    const now = Date.now()
+    this._pressStartTime.set(key, now)
+
+    // 더블프레스 감지는 이 바인딩을 쓰는 액션 중 하나라도 doublePress 일 때만 한다.
+    // 그렇지 않으면 단일프레스 액션을 빠르게 두 번 누를 때 두 번째가 삼켜진다.
+    let isDoublePress = false
+    if (entries.some((entry) => entry.spec.doublePress)) {
+      const lastPress = this._lastPressTime.get(key)
+      isDoublePress =
+        lastPress !== undefined && now - lastPress < TIMING.DOUBLE_PRESS_DURATION
+      if (isDoublePress) {
+        this._lastPressTime.delete(key)
+      } else {
+        this._lastPressTime.set(key, now)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // dictation(단일) 과 hands-free(더블) 는 같은 바인딩을 공유한다 —
+    // 첫 매치만 반환하지 않고 doublePress 여부로 갈라 해당하는 액션을 모두 트리거한다.
+    const triggers: ActiveTrigger[] = []
+    for (const entry of entries) {
+      if (entry.spec.doublePress !== isDoublePress) continue
+      triggers.push({
+        actionId: entry.actionId,
+        isDoublePress,
+        holdMode: entry.spec.holdMode
+      })
+    }
+    this._activeTriggers.set(key, triggers)
+
+    for (const trigger of triggers) {
+      logger.debug(`Key binding pressed: "${trigger.actionId}" (double=${isDoublePress})`)
+      this.emit('triggered', {
+        actionId: trigger.actionId,
+        type: 'pressed',
+        isDoublePress: trigger.isDoublePress,
+        holdMode: trigger.holdMode,
+        timestamp: now,
+        durationMs: 0
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _fireRelease(key: string): void {
+    this._isKeyDown.set(key, false)
+
+    const now = Date.now()
+    const pressStart = this._pressStartTime.get(key)
+    const durationMs = pressStart !== undefined ? now - pressStart : 0
+    this._pressStartTime.delete(key)
+
+    const triggers = this._activeTriggers.get(key) ?? []
+    this._activeTriggers.delete(key)
+
+    for (const trigger of triggers) {
+      logger.debug(
+        `Key binding released: "${trigger.actionId}" (duration=${durationMs}ms)`
+      )
+      this.emit('triggered', {
+        actionId: trigger.actionId,
+        type: 'released',
+        isDoublePress: trigger.isDoublePress,
+        holdMode: trigger.holdMode,
+        timestamp: now,
+        durationMs
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ── EventEmitter 타입 오버라이드 ───────────────────────
+
+  override on<K extends keyof KeyBindingServiceEvents>(
+    event: K,
+    listener: KeyBindingServiceEvents[K]
+  ): this {
+    return super.on(event, listener)
+  }
+
+  override off<K extends keyof KeyBindingServiceEvents>(
+    event: K,
+    listener: KeyBindingServiceEvents[K]
+  ): this {
+    return super.off(event, listener)
+  }
+
+  override emit<K extends keyof KeyBindingServiceEvents>(
+    event: K,
+    ...args: Parameters<KeyBindingServiceEvents[K]>
+  ): boolean {
+    return super.emit(event, ...args)
+  }
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 싱글톤
+// ============================================================
+
+let instance: KeyBindingService | null = null
+
+export function getKeyBindingService(): KeyBindingService {
+  if (!instance) {
+    instance = new KeyBindingService()
+  }
+  return instance
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/services/VoiceModeService.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/services/VoiceModeService.ts
@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ import { getAudioCaptureService } from './AudioCaptureService'
 import { getLocalSTTService } from './LocalSTTService'
 import type { TranscriptionResult } from './LocalSTTService'
 import { getSTTManager } from './stt/STTManager'
-import { getHotkeyService } from './HotkeyService'
-import type { HotkeyConfig } from './HotkeyService'
+import { getKeyBindingService } from './KeyBindingService'
+import type { KeyBindingTriggerPayload } from './KeyBindingService'
 import { configGet } from './ConfigService'
 import { getTextInsertService } from './TextInsertService'
 import { getLocalLLMService } from './LocalLLMService'
 import { D3ROError, ErrorCode } from '@d3ro/core/errors'
 import { TIMING } from '@d3ro/core/constants'
 import { RecognitionState, AudioState } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-import type { VoiceMode, VoiceState, LLMAction } from '@d3ro/core/types'
+import type { KeyBindingActionId, VoiceMode, VoiceState, LLMAction } from '@d3ro/core/types'
 import {
  showRecordingTip,
  hideRecordingTip,
@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ interface VoiceAction {
  type: 'press' | 'release' | 'escape'
  timestamp: number
  mode: VoiceMode
-  hotkeyId: string
+  actionId: KeyBindingActionId
+  /** hold-to-talk 여부 — release 에서 세션을 끊을지 결정한다 */
+  holdMode: boolean
 }

 interface VoiceModeEvents {
@ -147,9 +149,7 @@ class VoiceModeService extends EventEmitter {
  // 리스너 해제용 참조
  private _audioDataHandler: ((payload: { buffer: Buffer }) => void) | null = null
  private _audioLevelHandler: ((payload: { level: number }) => void) | null = null
-  private _hotkeyPressHandler: ((payload: { config: HotkeyConfig; timestamp: number }) => void) | null = null
-  private _hotkeyReleaseHandler: ((payload: { config: HotkeyConfig; durationMs: number; timestamp: number }) => void) | null = null
-  private _doublePressHandler: ((payload: { config: HotkeyConfig }) => void) | null = null
+  private _keyBindingHandler: ((payload: KeyBindingTriggerPayload) => void) | null = null

  private _disposed = false

@ -174,39 +174,39 @@ class VoiceModeService extends EventEmitter {
  // ── 초기화 ──────────────────────────────────────────────

  /**
-   * HotkeyService 이벤트를 구독하여 핫키 → 세션 제어를 연결한다.
+   * KeyBindingService 이벤트를 구독하여 키바인딩 → 세션 제어를 연결한다.
   * bootstrap에서 호출한다.
   */
-  connectHotkey(): void {
-    const hotkey = getHotkeyService()
-
-    this._hotkeyPressHandler = (payload) => {
-      // Phase 10.1: caption 핫키는 VoiceModeService가 아닌 CaptionService로 라우팅
-      if (payload.config.id === 'voice-caption') {
-        this._toggleCaption()
-        return
+  connectKeyBindings(): void {
+    this._keyBindingHandler = (payload) => {
+      switch (payload.actionId) {
+        case 'caption':
+          // Phase 10.1: caption은 VoiceModeService가 아닌 CaptionService로 라우팅.
+          // 토글이므로 press만 처리하고 release는 버린다.
+          if (payload.type === 'pressed') this._toggleCaption()
+          return
+        case 'history-popup':
+        case 'command-popup':
+          // 팝업 액션은 bootstrap이 직접 구독한다.
+          return
+        default:
+          break
      }
-      const mode = this._resolveMode(payload.config)
-      this._enqueueAction({ type: 'press', timestamp: payload.timestamp, mode, hotkeyId: payload.config.id })
+
+      const holdMode = this._resolveHoldMode(payload.actionId, payload.holdMode)
+      const action: VoiceAction = {
+        type: payload.type === 'pressed' ? 'press' : 'release',
+        timestamp: payload.timestamp,
+        mode: this._resolveMode(payload.actionId, payload.isDoublePress),
+        actionId: payload.actionId,
+        holdMode
+      }
+      this._enqueueAction(action)
    }

-    this._hotkeyReleaseHandler = (payload) => {
-      // caption 핫키의 release는 무시 (토글 방식)
-      if (payload.config.id === 'voice-caption') return
-      const mode = this._resolveMode(payload.config)
-      this._enqueueAction({ type: 'release', timestamp: payload.timestamp, mode, hotkeyId: payload.config.id })
-    }
+    getKeyBindingService().on('triggered', this._keyBindingHandler)

-    this._doublePressHandler = (payload) => {
-      // 더블프레스 → hands-free 모드 토글
-      this._enqueueAction({ type: 'press', timestamp: Date.now(), mode: 'hands-free', hotkeyId: payload.config.id })
-    }
-
-    hotkey.on('hotkey-pressed', this._hotkeyPressHandler)
-    hotkey.on('hotkey-released', this._hotkeyReleaseHandler)
-    hotkey.on('double-press', this._doublePressHandler)
-
-    logger.info('Hotkey events connected')
+    logger.info('Key binding events connected')
  }

  // ── 세션 제어 ──────────────────────────────────────────
@ -1050,24 +1050,34 @@ class VoiceModeService extends EventEmitter {
    }
  }

-  private async _handleRelease(_action: VoiceAction): Promise<void> {
-    if (_action.mode === 'dictation' && this.isActive) {
+  private async _handleRelease(action: VoiceAction): Promise<void> {
+    if (action.holdMode && action.mode === 'dictation' && this.isActive) {
      // Dictation: hold-to-talk — release로 즉시 종료
      // Speakly 패턴: 딜레이 없이 즉시 stop (딜레이가 race condition 유발)
      await this.stopSession()
    }
-    // HandsFree: release 무시
+    // HandsFree(토글): release 무시
  }

  // ── 유틸리티 ───────────────────────────────────────────

-  private _resolveMode(config: HotkeyConfig): VoiceMode {
-    if (config.id === 'voice-handsfree' || config.doublePressEnabled) {
+  private _resolveMode(actionId: KeyBindingActionId, isDoublePress: boolean): VoiceMode {
+    if (actionId === 'hands-free' || isDoublePress) {
      return 'hands-free'
    }
    return 'dictation'
  }

+  /**
+   * 'command' 액션에는 아직 전용 핸들러가 없다.
+   * 현행 동작대로 dictation 파이프라인으로 fallback 하며, 그 경로는 hold-to-talk 이므로
+   * KEYBINDING_ACTIONS 의 holdMode(false)가 아니라 dictation 과 같은 값을 쓴다.
+   */
+  private _resolveHoldMode(actionId: KeyBindingActionId, specHoldMode: boolean): boolean {
+    if (actionId === 'command') return true
+    return specHoldMode
+  }
+
  // ── 자막 모드 토글 (Phase 10.1) ─────────────────────────

  private async _toggleCaption(): Promise<void> {
@ -1111,16 +1121,10 @@ class VoiceModeService extends EventEmitter {
      this._cancelSession('user')
    }

-    // 핫키 리스너 해제
-    const hotkey = getHotkeyService()
-    if (this._hotkeyPressHandler) {
-      hotkey.off('hotkey-pressed', this._hotkeyPressHandler)
-    }
-    if (this._hotkeyReleaseHandler) {
-      hotkey.off('hotkey-released', this._hotkeyReleaseHandler)
-    }
-    if (this._doublePressHandler) {
-      hotkey.off('double-press', this._doublePressHandler)
+    // 키바인딩 리스너 해제
+    if (this._keyBindingHandler) {
+      getKeyBindingService().off('triggered', this._keyBindingHandler)
+      this._keyBindingHandler = null
    }

    // 오디오 리스너 해제
--- a/apps/desktop/src/preload/index.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/preload/index.ts
@ -44,10 +44,14 @@ import type {
  SetSTTProviderConfigParams,
  TestSTTConnectionParams,
  TestSTTConnectionResult,
-  HotkeyBinding,
-  SetHotkeyParams,
+  KeyBindingMap,
+  SetKeyBindingsParams,
+  ResetKeyBindingParams,
+  ValidateKeyBindingParams,
+  KeyBindingValidationResult,
+  KeyBindingTriggeredEvent,
+  KeyBindingChangedEvent,
  SetEnabledParams,
-  HotkeyTriggeredEvent,
  LLMStatus,
  LLMModel,
  LLMProcessParams,
@ -315,29 +319,23 @@ const electronAPI = {
      on(IPC_CHANNELS.RUNTIME.PROGRESS, cb)
  },

-  // ── Hotkey ─────────────────────────────────────────────
-  hotkey: {
-    getDictationShortcut: () =>
-      invoke<HotkeyBinding>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_DICTATION_SHORTCUT),
-    setDictationShortcut: (params: SetHotkeyParams) =>
-      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_DICTATION_SHORTCUT, params),
-    getHandsFreeShortcut: () =>
-      invoke<HotkeyBinding>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_HANDS_FREE_SHORTCUT),
-    setHandsFreeShortcut: (params: SetHotkeyParams) =>
-      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_HANDS_FREE_SHORTCUT, params),
-    getCommandShortcut: () =>
-      invoke<HotkeyBinding>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_COMMAND_SHORTCUT),
-    setCommandShortcut: (params: SetHotkeyParams) =>
-      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_COMMAND_SHORTCUT, params),
-    getCaptionShortcut: () =>
-      invoke<HotkeyBinding>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.GET_CAPTION_SHORTCUT),
-    setCaptionShortcut: (params: SetHotkeyParams) =>
-      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_CAPTION_SHORTCUT, params),
-    isEnabled: () => invoke<boolean>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.IS_ENABLED),
+  // ── Key bindings ───────────────────────────────────────
+  keybinding: {
+    getMap: () => invoke<KeyBindingMap>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.GET_MAP),
+    setBindings: (params: SetKeyBindingsParams) =>
+      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.SET_BINDINGS, params),
+    resetAction: (params: ResetKeyBindingParams) =>
+      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.RESET_ACTION, params),
+    resetAll: () => invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.RESET_ALL),
+    validate: (params: ValidateKeyBindingParams) =>
+      invoke<KeyBindingValidationResult>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.VALIDATE, params),
+    isEnabled: () => invoke<boolean>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.IS_ENABLED),
    setEnabled: (params: SetEnabledParams) =>
-      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.SET_ENABLED, params),
-    onTriggered: (cb: (e: HotkeyTriggeredEvent) => void): Unsubscribe =>
-      on(IPC_CHANNELS.HOTKEY.TRIGGERED, cb)
+      invoke<void>(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.SET_ENABLED, params),
+    onTriggered: (cb: (e: KeyBindingTriggeredEvent) => void): Unsubscribe =>
+      on(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.TRIGGERED, cb),
+    onChanged: (cb: (e: KeyBindingChangedEvent) => void): Unsubscribe =>
+      on(IPC_CHANNELS.KEYBINDING.CHANGED, cb)
  },

  // ── LLM ────────────────────────────────────────────────
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/HotkeyRecordModal.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/HotkeyRecordModal.tsx
@ -1,315 +0,0 @@
-// src/renderer/components/HotkeyRecordModal.tsx
-// Speakly HotkeyRecordModal 패턴: Modal → 키 입력 대기 → Chip 표시 → 저장/취소
-// 조합키: modifier(Ctrl/Alt/Shift) 누른 상태에서 일반키 입력 → 조합 완성
-// 단일키: modifier만 눌렀다 놓으면 해당 modifier가 단독 핫키로 등록
-
-import { useState, useEffect, useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
-import {
-  Dialog,
-  DialogTitle,
-  DialogContent,
-  DialogActions,
-  Box,
-  Button,
-  Chip,
-  Stack,
-  Typography,
-} from '@mui/material'
-import { d3roPalette, d3roRadius, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
-import { useI18n } from '@d3ro/i18n'
-import type { HotkeyBinding } from '@d3ro/core/types'
-import { formatHotkeyLabel, getPlatform, keyCodeToName } from '../utils/format-hotkey'
-
-// 시스템 예약 조합
-const RESERVED_COMBOS = [
-  'Ctrl+C', 'Ctrl+V', 'Ctrl+X', 'Ctrl+Z', 'Ctrl+A', 'Ctrl+S', 'Ctrl+W',
-  'Alt+F4', 'Alt+Tab', 'Ctrl+Alt+Delete',
-]
-
-const MODIFIER_KEYCODES = new Set([16, 17, 18, 91, 92, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165])
-
-function getKeyName(keyCode: number, key: string): string {
-  // 플랫폼별 라벨 (macOS는 ⌘/⇧/⌃/⌥). format-hotkey.ts의 단일 매핑을 사용.
-  const platform = getPlatform()
-  const mapped = keyCodeToName(keyCode, platform)
-  if (mapped && !mapped.startsWith('Key')) return mapped
-  if (key.length === 1) return key.toUpperCase()
-  return key
-}
-
-function isModifier(keyCode: number): boolean {
-  return MODIFIER_KEYCODES.has(keyCode)
-}
-
-interface HotkeyRecordModalProps {
-  open: boolean
-  onClose: () => void
-  onSave: (binding: HotkeyBinding) => void
-  currentBinding?: HotkeyBinding | null
-  title?: string
-}
-
-export function HotkeyRecordModal({
-  open,
-  onClose,
-  onSave,
-  currentBinding,
-  title,
-}: HotkeyRecordModalProps): React.ReactElement {
-  const { t } = useI18n()
-  // 현재 눌려있는 키들을 실시간 추적
-  const [pressedKeys, setPressedKeys] = useState<Array<{ keyCode: number; name: string }>>([])
-  // 확정된 조합 (녹화 완료 후)
-  const [captured, setCaptured] = useState<Array<{ keyCode: number; name: string }> | null>(null)
-  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
-  const pressedRef = useRef<Map<number, string>>(new Map())
-  // modifier-only 확정을 위한 타이머 (Alt만 눌렀을 때 바로 확정하지 않고 잠시 대기)
-  const modifierTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null)
-  // 가장 최근 pressedKeys 스냅샷 (타이머 콜백에서 stale closure 방지)
-  const lastPressedRef = useRef<Array<{ keyCode: number; name: string }>>([])
-
-  // Modal 열릴 때 리셋
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (open) {
-      setPressedKeys([])
-      setCaptured(null)
-      setError(null)
-      pressedRef.current.clear()
-      lastPressedRef.current = []
-      if (modifierTimerRef.current) {
-        clearTimeout(modifierTimerRef.current)
-        modifierTimerRef.current = null
-      }
-    }
-  }, [open])
-
-  const handleKeyDown = useCallback((e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-    if (captured) return // 이미 확정됨
-    e.preventDefault()
-    e.stopPropagation()
-
-    // 새 키가 눌렸으므로 modifier-only 타이머 취소
-    if (modifierTimerRef.current) {
-      clearTimeout(modifierTimerRef.current)
-      modifierTimerRef.current = null
-    }
-
-    const keyCode = e.keyCode || e.which
-    if (pressedRef.current.has(keyCode)) return
-
-    const name = getKeyName(keyCode, e.key)
-    pressedRef.current.set(keyCode, name)
-
-    const keys = Array.from(pressedRef.current.entries()).map(([kc, n]) => ({ keyCode: kc, name: n }))
-    setPressedKeys(keys)
-    lastPressedRef.current = keys
-
-    // modifier가 아닌 키가 눌리면 → 조합 즉시 확정 (Alt+1, Ctrl+F5 등)
-    if (!isModifier(keyCode)) {
-      setCaptured(keys)
-    }
-  }, [captured])
-
-  const handleKeyUp = useCallback((e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-    if (captured) return // 이미 확정됨
-
-    const keyCode = e.keyCode || e.which
-    pressedRef.current.delete(keyCode)
-
-    // 모든 키를 놓았고 modifier만 눌렀었다면 → 500ms 대기 후 확정
-    // 이 대기 시간 동안 추가 키를 누르면 타이머가 취소되어 조합키로 확장 가능
-    if (pressedRef.current.size === 0 && lastPressedRef.current.length > 0 && lastPressedRef.current.every(k => isModifier(k.keyCode))) {
-      if (modifierTimerRef.current) clearTimeout(modifierTimerRef.current)
-      modifierTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
-        // 타이머 만료: 여전히 confirmed 안됐고 추가 키 입력 없으면 단일 modifier로 확정
-        setCaptured(lastPressedRef.current)
-        modifierTimerRef.current = null
-      }, 500)
-    }
-
-    const keys = Array.from(pressedRef.current.entries()).map(([kc, n]) => ({ keyCode: kc, name: n }))
-    setPressedKeys(keys)
-  }, [captured])
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!open) return
-    window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown, true)
-    window.addEventListener('keyup', handleKeyUp, true)
-    return () => {
-      window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown, true)
-      window.removeEventListener('keyup', handleKeyUp, true)
-    }
-  }, [open, handleKeyDown, handleKeyUp])
-
-  const displayKeys = captured ?? pressedKeys
-  const isReady = captured !== null && captured.length > 0
-
-  const handleSave = () => {
-    if (!captured || captured.length === 0) {
-      setError(t('hotkey.noKey'))
-      return
-    }
-
-    // 예약 단축키 체크
-    const label = captured.map(k => k.name).join('+')
-    if (RESERVED_COMBOS.includes(label)) {
-      setError(t('hotkey.reserved', { keys: label }))
-      handleReset()
-      return
-    }
-
-    // HotkeyBinding 생성
-    // 주 키(main key) = modifier가 아닌 키가 있으면 그것, 없으면 첫 번째 modifier
-    const mainKey = captured.find(k => !isModifier(k.keyCode))
-    const primaryKeyCode = mainKey?.keyCode ?? captured[0].keyCode
-
-    // modifier 플래그: 주 키 자체가 해당 modifier인 경우 false 유지
-    // 예: Right Alt 단독 → keyCode=165, alt=false (주 키가 Alt 자체이므로)
-    // 예: Ctrl+A → keyCode=A, ctrl=true (Ctrl은 modifier로 사용)
-    const isCtrlKey = (kc: number) => kc === 17 || kc === 162 || kc === 163
-    const isAltKey = (kc: number) => kc === 18 || kc === 164 || kc === 165
-    const isShiftKey = (kc: number) => kc === 16 || kc === 160 || kc === 161
-    const isMetaKey = (kc: number) => kc === 91 || kc === 92
-
-    // 주 키를 제외한 나머지 키들만 modifier로 취급
-    const modifierKeys = captured.filter(k => k.keyCode !== primaryKeyCode)
-
-    const binding: HotkeyBinding = {
-      keyCode: primaryKeyCode,
-      ctrl: modifierKeys.some(k => isCtrlKey(k.keyCode)),
-      alt: modifierKeys.some(k => isAltKey(k.keyCode)),
-      shift: modifierKeys.some(k => isShiftKey(k.keyCode)),
-      meta: modifierKeys.some(k => isMetaKey(k.keyCode)),
-      displayLabel: label,
-    }
-
-    onSave(binding)
-    onClose()
-  }
-
-  const handleReset = () => {
-    setPressedKeys([])
-    setCaptured(null)
-    pressedRef.current.clear()
-  }
-
-  const handleCancel = () => {
-    handleReset()
-    onClose()
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <Dialog
-      open={open}
-      onClose={handleCancel}
-      maxWidth="xs"
-      fullWidth
-      // aria-hidden 에러 방지: disableEnforceFocus + disableAutoFocus
-      disableEnforceFocus
-      disableAutoFocus
-      disableRestoreFocus
-    >
-      <DialogTitle sx={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: d3roTypo.heading.size }}>{title ?? t('hotkey.title')}</DialogTitle>
-      <DialogContent>
-        {/* 녹화 영역 */}
-        <Box
-          sx={{
-            border: `2px solid ${
-              error
-                ? d3roPalette.tag.red
-                : isReady
-                  ? d3roPalette.tag.green
-                  : displayKeys.length > 0
-                    ? d3roPalette.accent.main
-                    : d3roPalette.border.strong
-            }`,
-            borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
-            p: 3,
-            minHeight: 80,
-            display: 'flex',
-            alignItems: 'center',
-            justifyContent: 'center',
-            bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
-            transition: 'border-color 0.2s ease',
-          }}
-        >
-          {displayKeys.length > 0 ? (
-            <Stack direction="row" spacing={1} flexWrap="wrap" justifyContent="center">
-              {displayKeys.map((key, i) => (
-                <Chip
-                  key={`${key.keyCode}-${i}`}
-                  label={key.name}
-                  sx={{
-                    fontWeight: 500,
-                    fontSize: '14px',
-                    bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.chassis,
-                    color: d3roPalette.text.primary,
-                    border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.default}`,
-                    borderRadius: '8px',
-                    height: 40,
-                    px: 1,
-                  }}
-                />
-              ))}
-            </Stack>
-          ) : (
-            <Typography
-              sx={{
-                color: d3roPalette.accent.main,
-                fontSize: '13px',
-                textAlign: 'center',
-              }}
-            >
-              {t('hotkey.prompt')}
-            </Typography>
-          )}
-        </Box>
-
-        {/* 상태 표시 */}
-        {isReady && !error && (
-          <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.green, fontSize: '12px', mt: 1, fontWeight: 600 }}>
-            {t('hotkey.ready', {
-              keys:
-                captured
-                  ?.map((k) => k.name)
-                  .join(getPlatform() === 'darwin' ? '' : ' + ') ?? ''
-            })}
-          </Typography>
-        )}
-
-        {error && (
-          <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.red, fontSize: '12px', mt: 1 }}>
-            {error}
-          </Typography>
-        )}
-
-        {currentBinding && (
-          <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, fontSize: '12px', mt: 2 }}>
-            {t('hotkey.current', { keys: formatHotkeyLabel(currentBinding) })}
-          </Typography>
-        )}
-
-        <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.muted, fontSize: '11px', mt: 1 }}>
-          {t('hotkey.hint')}
-        </Typography>
-      </DialogContent>
-      <DialogActions sx={{ px: 3, pb: 2 }}>
-        <Button onClick={handleCancel} sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive }}>
-          {t('common.cancel')}
-        </Button>
-        {isReady && (
-          <Button onClick={handleReset} sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive }}>
-            {t('hotkey.reset')}
-          </Button>
-        )}
-        <Button
-          variant="contained"
-          onClick={handleSave}
-          disabled={!isReady}
-        >
-          {t('common.save')}
-        </Button>
-      </DialogActions>
-    </Dialog>
-  )
-}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/SettingsModal.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/SettingsModal.tsx
@ -20,21 +20,21 @@ import {
  InputLabel,
  FormControl,
  Button,
-  Chip,
-  Stack,
  Paper,
 } from '@mui/material'
-import { X, Keyboard, Pencil, Mic, Lock, Cloud, RefreshCw, Play, Cpu, HelpCircle } from 'lucide-react'
+import { X, Keyboard, Mic, Lock, Cloud, RefreshCw, Play, Cpu, HelpCircle } from 'lucide-react'
 import { d3roPalette, d3roFontMono, d3roShadow, d3roRadius, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
 import { Led } from '@d3ro/ui/components/ds'
-import { HotkeyRecordModal } from './HotkeyRecordModal'
-import { formatHotkeyLabel, formatHotkeySegments } from '../utils/format-hotkey'
 import { LicenseTab } from './LicenseTab'
 import { CloudSyncSection } from './CloudSyncSection'
 import { STTTab } from './STTTab'
+import { KeyBindingField } from './keybinding/KeyBindingField'
+import { asTranslationKey } from './keybinding/translation-key'
 import { useI18n, LOCALE_META } from '@d3ro/i18n'
 import type { Locale } from '@d3ro/i18n'
-import type { ThemeMode, AppConfig, HotkeyBinding, AudioDevice, LLMModel, LLMStatus } from '@d3ro/core/types'
+import type { KeyBindingActionGroup } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { KEYBINDING_ACTIONS } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import type { ThemeMode, AppConfig, AudioDevice, LLMModel, LLMStatus } from '@d3ro/core/types'

 interface SettingsModalProps {
  open: boolean
@ -53,135 +53,13 @@ function TabPanel({ children, value, index }: TabPanelProps): React.ReactElement
  return <Box sx={{ pt: 2 }}>{children}</Box>
 }

-// ── 핫키 표시 컴포넌트 ──────────────────────────────────
-function HotkeyDisplay({
-  binding,
-  onEdit,
-  label,
-  notSetLabel,
-}: {
-  binding: HotkeyBinding | null
-  onEdit: () => void
-  label: string
-  notSetLabel: string
-}): React.ReactElement {
-  return (
-    <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
-      <Typography variant="body2" sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.secondary, minWidth: 40 }}>
-        {label}
-      </Typography>
-      {binding ? (
-        <Stack direction="row" spacing={0.5} alignItems="center">
-          {formatHotkeySegments(binding).map((key, idx) => (
-            <Chip
-              key={`${key}-${idx}`}
-              label={key}
-              size="small"
-              sx={{
-                fontWeight: 500,
-                fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size,
-                bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.elevated,
-                color: d3roPalette.text.primary,
-                border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.default}`,
-                borderRadius: d3roRadius.xs,
-                height: 28,
-              }}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </Stack>
-      ) : (
-        <Typography variant="body2" sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.disabled }}>
-          {notSetLabel}
-        </Typography>
-      )}
-      <IconButton size="small" onClick={onEdit} sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, ml: 'auto' }}>
-        <Pencil size={16} />
-      </IconButton>
-    </Box>
-  )
+// ── 액션 그룹 섹션 ─────────────────────────────────────
+const ACTION_GROUP_LABEL_KEYS: Readonly<Record<KeyBindingActionGroup, string>> = {
+  voice: 'keybinding.ui.sectionVoice',
+  window: 'keybinding.ui.sectionWindow',
 }

-// ── 음성 모드 카드 ──────────────────────────────────────
-function VoiceModeCard({
-  title,
-  description,
-  enabled,
-  onToggle,
-  disabled,
-  enabledLabel,
-  disabledLabel,
-  children,
-}: {
-  title: string
-  description: string
-  enabled: boolean
-  onToggle: (enabled: boolean) => void
-  disabled?: boolean
-  enabledLabel: string
-  disabledLabel: string
-  children?: React.ReactNode
-}): React.ReactElement {
-  return (
-    <Paper
-      elevation={0}
-      sx={{
-        p: 2,
-        bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
-        borderRadius: '10px',
-        border: 'none',
-        boxShadow: d3roShadow.inset,
-      }}
-    >
-      <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'flex-start', justifyContent: 'space-between' }}>
-        <Box sx={{ flex: 1 }}>
-          <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1, mb: 0.5 }}>
-            <Typography
-              variant="subtitle2"
-              sx={{ fontWeight: 500, fontFamily: d3roFontMono, fontSize: d3roTypo.small.size, letterSpacing: '0.5px' }}
-            >
-              {title}
-            </Typography>
-            <FormControlLabel
-              control={
-                <Switch
-                  checked={enabled}
-                  onChange={(e) => onToggle(e.target.checked)}
-                  disabled={disabled}
-                  size="small"
-                  sx={{
-                    '& .MuiSwitch-switchBase.Mui-checked': { color: d3roPalette.tag.green },
-                    '& .MuiSwitch-switchBase.Mui-checked + .MuiSwitch-track': {
-                      backgroundColor: d3roPalette.tag.green,
-                    },
-                  }}
-                />
-              }
-              label={
-                <Chip
-                  label={enabled ? enabledLabel : disabledLabel}
-                  size="small"
-                  sx={{
-                    fontSize: '10px', // P4: 토큰에 없는 10px 보존
-                    fontWeight: 500,
-                    height: 20,
-                    bgcolor: enabled ? d3roPalette.tag.greenBg : 'transparent',
-                    color: enabled ? d3roPalette.tag.green : d3roPalette.text.disabled,
-                    border: enabled ? 'none' : `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.subtle}`,
-                  }}
-                />
-              }
-              sx={{ ml: 0, mr: 0 }}
-            />
-          </Box>
-          <Typography variant="body2" sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}>
-            {description}
-          </Typography>
-        </Box>
-      </Box>
-      {children && <Box sx={{ mt: 1.5 }}>{children}</Box>}
-    </Paper>
-  )
-}
+const ACTION_GROUP_ORDER: readonly KeyBindingActionGroup[] = ['voice', 'window']

 export function SettingsModal({ open, initialTab = 0, onClose }: SettingsModalProps): React.ReactElement {
  const { t, locale, setLocale } = useI18n()
@ -213,18 +91,8 @@ export function SettingsModal({ open, initialTab = 0, onClose }: SettingsModalPr
    }
  }, [open])

-  // 음성 모드 상태
-  const [dictationEnabled, setDictationEnabled] = useState(true)
-  const [dictationBinding, setDictationBinding] = useState<HotkeyBinding | null>(null)
-  const [handsFreeEnabled, setHandsFreeEnabled] = useState(false)
-  const [handsFreeBinding, setHandsFreeBinding] = useState<HotkeyBinding | null>(null)
-  const [captionBinding, setCaptionBinding] = useState<HotkeyBinding | null>(null)
-  const [, setHotkeyGlobalEnabled] = useState(true)
-
-  // 핫키 녹화 모달
-  const [hotkeyModalOpen, setHotkeyModalOpen] = useState(false)
-  const [hotkeyModalTarget, setHotkeyModalTarget] = useState<'dictation' | 'handsFree' | 'caption'>('dictation')
-
+  // 전역 단축키 on/off (개별 바인딩은 KeyBindingField 가 담당한다)
+  const [keybindingEnabled, setKeybindingEnabled] = useState(true)

  // 오디오 디바이스
  const [audioDevices, setAudioDevices] = useState<AudioDevice[]>([])
@ -261,20 +129,11 @@ export function SettingsModal({ open, initialTab = 0, onClose }: SettingsModalPr

    Promise.all([
      window.electronAPI.config.getAll(),
-      window.electronAPI.hotkey.getDictationShortcut(),
-      window.electronAPI.hotkey.getHandsFreeShortcut(),
-      window.electronAPI.hotkey.getCaptionShortcut(),
-      window.electronAPI.hotkey.isEnabled(),
+      window.electronAPI.keybinding.isEnabled(),
    ])
-      .then(([configResult, dictResult, hfResult, capResult, enabledResult]) => {
+      .then(([configResult, enabledResult]) => {
        if (configResult.success) setConfig(configResult.data)
-        if (dictResult.success && dictResult.data) setDictationBinding(dictResult.data)
-        if (hfResult.success && hfResult.data) setHandsFreeBinding(hfResult.data)
-        if (capResult.success && capResult.data) setCaptionBinding(capResult.data)
-        if (enabledResult.success) {
-          setHotkeyGlobalEnabled(enabledResult.data)
-          setDictationEnabled(enabledResult.data)
-        }
+        if (enabledResult.success) setKeybindingEnabled(enabledResult.data)
      })
      .finally(() => setLoading(false))

@ -293,48 +152,9 @@ export function SettingsModal({ open, initialTab = 0, onClose }: SettingsModalPr
    window.electronAPI.config.set({ key, value })
  }, [])

-  const handleDictationToggle = useCallback(
-    (enabled: boolean) => {
-      setDictationEnabled(enabled)
-      window.electronAPI.hotkey.setEnabled({ enabled })
-      if (!enabled && handsFreeEnabled) {
-        setHandsFreeEnabled(false)
-      }
-    },
-    [handsFreeEnabled]
-  )
-
-  const handleHandsFreeToggle = useCallback((enabled: boolean) => {
-    if (enabled && !handsFreeBinding) {
-      setHotkeyModalTarget('handsFree')
-      setHotkeyModalOpen(true)
-      return
-    }
-    setHandsFreeEnabled(enabled)
-  }, [handsFreeBinding])
-
-  const handleHotkeySave = useCallback(
-    (binding: HotkeyBinding) => {
-      if (hotkeyModalTarget === 'dictation') {
-        setDictationBinding(binding)
-        window.electronAPI.hotkey.setDictationShortcut({ binding })
-        setDictationEnabled(true)
-        window.electronAPI.hotkey.setEnabled({ enabled: true })
-      } else if (hotkeyModalTarget === 'handsFree') {
-        setHandsFreeBinding(binding)
-        window.electronAPI.hotkey.setHandsFreeShortcut({ binding })
-        setHandsFreeEnabled(true)
-      } else {
-        setCaptionBinding(binding)
-        window.electronAPI.hotkey.setCaptionShortcut({ binding })
-      }
-    },
-    [hotkeyModalTarget]
-  )
-
-  const openHotkeyModal = useCallback((target: 'dictation' | 'handsFree' | 'caption') => {
-    setHotkeyModalTarget(target)
-    setHotkeyModalOpen(true)
+  const handleKeybindingToggle = useCallback((enabled: boolean) => {
+    setKeybindingEnabled(enabled)
+    void window.electronAPI.keybinding.setEnabled({ enabled })
  }, [])

  const handleLanguageChange = useCallback((newLocale: string) => {
@ -418,73 +238,48 @@ export function SettingsModal({ open, initialTab = 0, onClose }: SettingsModalPr
          {/* ── 일반 탭 ─────────────────────────────── */}
          <TabPanel value={activeTab} index={0}>
            <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 2.5 }}>
-              <Typography variant="overline" sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.label, letterSpacing: '1.5px' }}>
-                {t('settings.shortcuts')}
-              </Typography>
-
-              <Stack spacing={1.5}>
-                <VoiceModeCard
-                  title={t('settings.dictation')}
-                  description={t('settings.dictation.desc')}
-                  enabled={dictationEnabled}
-                  onToggle={handleDictationToggle}
-                  enabledLabel={t('settings.enabled')}
-                  disabledLabel={t('settings.disabled')}
-                >
-                  <HotkeyDisplay
-                    binding={dictationBinding}
-                    onEdit={() => openHotkeyModal('dictation')}
-                    label={t('settings.key')}
-                    notSetLabel={t('settings.notSet')}
-                  />
-                </VoiceModeCard>
-
-                <VoiceModeCard
-                  title={t('settings.agent')}
-                  description={
-                    dictationBinding
-                      ? t('settings.agent.descWithKey', { key: formatHotkeyLabel(dictationBinding) })
-                      : t('settings.agent.descNoKey')
+              <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
+                <Typography variant="overline" sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.label, letterSpacing: '1.5px' }}>
+                  {t('settings.shortcuts')}
+                </Typography>
+                <FormControlLabel
+                  sx={{ ml: 'auto', mr: 0 }}
+                  control={
+                    <Switch
+                      size="small"
+                      checked={keybindingEnabled}
+                      onChange={(e) => handleKeybindingToggle(e.target.checked)}
+                    />
+                  }
+                  label={
+                    <Typography sx={{ fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size, color: d3roPalette.text.secondary }}>
+                      {t('keybinding.ui.globalEnabled')}
+                    </Typography>
                  }
-                  enabled={dictationEnabled}
-                  onToggle={handleDictationToggle}
-                  disabled={!dictationEnabled}
-                  enabledLabel={t('settings.enabled')}
-                  disabledLabel={t('settings.disabled')}
                />
+              </Box>

-                <VoiceModeCard
-                  title={t('settings.oneTouch')}
-                  description={t('settings.oneTouch.desc')}
-                  enabled={handsFreeEnabled}
-                  onToggle={handleHandsFreeToggle}
-                  disabled={!dictationEnabled}
-                  enabledLabel={t('settings.enabled')}
-                  disabledLabel={t('settings.disabled')}
-                >
-                  <HotkeyDisplay
-                    binding={handsFreeBinding}
-                    onEdit={() => openHotkeyModal('handsFree')}
-                    label={t('settings.key')}
-                    notSetLabel={t('settings.notSet')}
-                  />
-                </VoiceModeCard>
-
-                <VoiceModeCard
-                  title={t('settings.caption')}
-                  description={t('settings.caption.desc')}
-                  enabled={true}
-                  enabledLabel={t('settings.enabled')}
-                  disabledLabel={t('settings.disabled')}
-                >
-                  <HotkeyDisplay
-                    binding={captionBinding}
-                    onEdit={() => openHotkeyModal('caption')}
-                    label={t('settings.key')}
-                    notSetLabel={t('settings.notSet')}
-                  />
-                </VoiceModeCard>
-              </Stack>
+              {ACTION_GROUP_ORDER.map((group) => {
+                const actions = KEYBINDING_ACTIONS.filter((action) => action.group === group)
+                if (actions.length === 0) return null
+                return (
+                  <Box key={group} sx={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 1.25 }}>
+                    <Typography
+                      sx={{
+                        color: d3roPalette.text.dimLabel,
+                        fontSize: d3roTypo.engrave.size,
+                        letterSpacing: '0.1em',
+                        textTransform: 'uppercase',
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      {t(asTranslationKey(ACTION_GROUP_LABEL_KEYS[group]))}
+                    </Typography>
+                    {actions.map((action) => (
+                      <KeyBindingField key={action.id} actionId={action.id} />
+                    ))}
+                  </Box>
+                )
+              })}

              <Divider sx={{ borderColor: d3roPalette.border.subtle }} />

@ -981,14 +776,6 @@ export function SettingsModal({ open, initialTab = 0, onClose }: SettingsModalPr
          </Box>
        </DialogContent>
      </Dialog>
-
-      <HotkeyRecordModal
-        open={hotkeyModalOpen}
-        onClose={() => setHotkeyModalOpen(false)}
-        onSave={handleHotkeySave}
-        currentBinding={hotkeyModalTarget === 'dictation' ? dictationBinding : hotkeyModalTarget === 'handsFree' ? handsFreeBinding : captionBinding}
-        title={hotkeyModalTarget === 'dictation' ? t('hotkey.dictationTitle') : hotkeyModalTarget === 'handsFree' ? t('hotkey.oneTouchTitle') : t('hotkey.captionTitle')}
-      />
    </>
  )
 }
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/KeyBindingField.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/KeyBindingField.tsx
@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/KeyBindingField.tsx
+// 액션 하나의 바인딩 목록 전체를 담당한다. 앱에서 키바인딩을 다루는 유일한 진입점이다.
+//
+// 라벨 · 설명 · 기본값은 KEYBINDING_ACTIONS 에서 파생하므로 호출부는 actionId 만 넘긴다.
+
+import { useCallback, useState } from 'react'
+import { Box, IconButton, Tooltip, Typography } from '@mui/material'
+import { Plus, RotateCcw, X } from 'lucide-react'
+import { d3roPalette, d3roRadius, d3roShadow, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
+import { TactileBadge } from '@d3ro/ui/components/ds'
+import { useI18n } from '@d3ro/i18n'
+import type { KeyBinding, KeyBindingActionId } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { bindingKey, bindingsEqual, findActionSpec } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { useKeyBindingMap } from '../../hooks/useKeyBindingMap'
+import { BindingKeycaps, useBindingLabel } from './Keycap'
+import { KeyBindingPicker } from './KeyBindingPicker'
+import { asTranslationKey } from './translation-key'
+
+interface KeyBindingFieldProps {
+  actionId: KeyBindingActionId
+}
+
+export function KeyBindingField({ actionId }: KeyBindingFieldProps): React.ReactElement | null {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const map = useKeyBindingMap()
+  const bindingLabel = useBindingLabel()
+  const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false)
+
+  const spec = findActionSpec(actionId)
+  const bindings = map === null ? [] : (map[actionId] ?? [])
+
+  const commit = useCallback(
+    (next: KeyBinding[]) => {
+      void window.electronAPI.keybinding
+        .setBindings({ actionId, bindings: next })
+        .then((result) => setFailed(!result.success))
+    },
+    [actionId]
+  )
+
+  const handleAdd = useCallback(
+    (binding: KeyBinding) => {
+      commit([...bindings, binding])
+    },
+    [bindings, commit]
+  )
+
+  const handleRemove = useCallback(
+    (binding: KeyBinding) => {
+      commit(bindings.filter((existing) => !bindingsEqual(existing, binding)))
+    },
+    [bindings, commit]
+  )
+
+  const handleReset = useCallback(() => {
+    void window.electronAPI.keybinding
+      .resetAction({ actionId })
+      .then((result) => setFailed(!result.success))
+  }, [actionId])
+
+  if (spec === null) return null
+
+  return (
+    <Box
+      data-testid={`keybinding-field-${actionId}`}
+      sx={{
+        p: 2,
+        bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
+        borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
+        boxShadow: d3roShadow.inset,
+        display: 'flex',
+        flexDirection: 'column',
+        gap: 1.25,
+      }}
+    >
+      <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1 }}>
+        <Typography
+          sx={{
+            fontSize: d3roTypo.compact.size,
+            fontWeight: 500,
+            color: d3roPalette.text.primary,
+          }}
+        >
+          {t(asTranslationKey(spec.labelKey))}
+        </Typography>
+        {spec.holdMode && <TactileBadge mono>{t('keybinding.ui.holdMode')}</TactileBadge>}
+        {spec.doublePress && <TactileBadge mono>{t('keybinding.ui.doublePress')}</TactileBadge>}
+        <Tooltip title={t('keybinding.ui.reset')}>
+          <IconButton
+            size="small"
+            onClick={handleReset}
+            sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, ml: 'auto' }}
+          >
+            <RotateCcw size={14} />
+          </IconButton>
+        </Tooltip>
+      </Box>
+
+      <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}>
+        {t(asTranslationKey(spec.descriptionKey))}
+      </Typography>
+
+      <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1, flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
+        {bindings.length === 0 && (
+          <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.disabled, fontSize: d3roTypo.small.size }}>
+            {t('keybinding.ui.noBindings')}
+          </Typography>
+        )}
+        {bindings.map((binding) => (
+          <Box
+            key={bindingKey(binding)}
+            data-testid="keybinding-binding"
+            sx={{
+              display: 'inline-flex',
+              alignItems: 'center',
+              gap: 0.5,
+              pr: 0.25,
+              borderRadius: d3roRadius.xs,
+              border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.subtle}`,
+            }}
+          >
+            <BindingKeycaps binding={binding} size="sm" />
+            <IconButton
+              size="small"
+              data-testid="keybinding-remove"
+              onClick={() => handleRemove(binding)}
+              aria-label={t('keybinding.ui.remove', { keys: bindingLabel(binding) })}
+              sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, p: 0.25 }}
+            >
+              <X size={12} />
+            </IconButton>
+          </Box>
+        ))}
+
+        <IconButton
+          size="small"
+          data-testid={`keybinding-add-${actionId}`}
+          onClick={() => setPickerOpen(true)}
+          aria-label={t('keybinding.ui.add')}
+          sx={{
+            color: d3roPalette.accent.main,
+            border: `1px dashed ${d3roPalette.border.strong}`,
+            borderRadius: d3roRadius.xs,
+            px: 1,
+            height: 22,
+          }}
+        >
+          <Plus size={13} />
+          <Typography component="span" sx={{ ml: 0.5, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}>
+            {t('keybinding.ui.add')}
+          </Typography>
+        </IconButton>
+      </Box>
+
+      {failed && (
+        <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.red, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}>
+          {t('keybinding.ui.saveFailed')}
+        </Typography>
+      )}
+
+      <KeyBindingPicker
+        open={pickerOpen}
+        actionId={actionId}
+        existingBindings={bindings}
+        onClose={() => setPickerOpen(false)}
+        onConfirm={handleAdd}
+      />
+    </Box>
+  )
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/KeyBindingPicker.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/KeyBindingPicker.tsx
@ -0,0 +1,696 @@
+// apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/KeyBindingPicker.tsx
+// 바인딩 하나를 고르는 모달. 입력 방식이 두 가지다.
+//
+//   녹화 탭 — 실제로 키(또는 마우스 버튼)를 눌러 캡처한다.
+//   목록 탭 — 검색 인풋이 달린 드롭다운에서 고르고 수정자를 토글한다.
+//
+// 키 목록 · 라벨 · 검증 · 충돌 판정은 전부 @d3ro/core/keybinding 이 정본이다.
+
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import {
+  Autocomplete,
+  Box,
+  ButtonBase,
+  Dialog,
+  DialogActions,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogTitle,
+  TextField,
+  Typography,
+} from '@mui/material'
+import type { AutocompleteRenderGroupParams } from '@mui/material'
+import { Keyboard, ListFilter, MousePointerClick } from 'lucide-react'
+import { d3roFontMono, d3roPalette, d3roRadius, d3roShadow, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
+import { PhysicalButton, SegmentControl } from '@d3ro/ui/components/ds'
+import { useI18n } from '@d3ro/i18n'
+import type {
+  BindingPlatform,
+  KeyBinding,
+  KeyBindingActionId,
+  KeyBindingValidationResult,
+  KeyCatalogEntry,
+} from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import {
+  KEY_CATALOG,
+  KEY_CATALOG_GROUP_LABEL_KEYS,
+  KEY_CATALOG_GROUP_ORDER,
+  MouseButton,
+  VK,
+  bindingsEqual,
+  findActionSpec,
+  formatBindingSegments,
+  isModifierKeyCode,
+  normalizeBinding,
+  searchKeyCatalog,
+  validateBinding,
+} from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { getPlatform } from '../../utils/format-hotkey'
+import { BindingKeycaps, Keycap } from './Keycap'
+import { asTranslationKey } from './translation-key'
+
+type PickerMode = 'record' | 'list'
+
+interface ModifierState {
+  ctrl: boolean
+  alt: boolean
+  shift: boolean
+  meta: boolean
+}
+
+const NO_MODIFIERS: ModifierState = { ctrl: false, alt: false, shift: false, meta: false }
+
+const MODIFIER_SLOTS = ['ctrl', 'alt', 'shift', 'meta'] as const
+type ModifierSlot = (typeof MODIFIER_SLOTS)[number]
+
+/** 단일 modifier 를 눌렀다 뗐을 때 조합으로 확장할 시간을 준다. */
+const MODIFIER_COMMIT_DELAY_MS = 500
+
+/**
+ * 브라우저 MouseEvent.button → libuiohook MOUSE_BUTTON 코드.
+ * 두 체계의 가운데/오른쪽 순서가 서로 다르므로 그대로 쓰면 안 된다.
+ */
+const BROWSER_BUTTON_TO_MOUSE: Readonly<Record<number, number>> = {
+  0: MouseButton.Left,
+  1: MouseButton.Middle,
+  2: MouseButton.Right,
+  3: MouseButton.Back,
+  4: MouseButton.Forward,
+}
+
+const GROUP_RANK: ReadonlyMap<string, number> = new Map(
+  KEY_CATALOG_GROUP_ORDER.map((group, index) => [group, index])
+)
+
+function byGroupOrder(a: KeyCatalogEntry, b: KeyCatalogEntry): number {
+  return (GROUP_RANK.get(a.group) ?? 0) - (GROUP_RANK.get(b.group) ?? 0)
+}
+
+const CATALOG_OPTIONS: readonly KeyCatalogEntry[] = [...KEY_CATALOG].sort(byGroupOrder)
+
+/**
+ * 브라우저 KeyboardEvent 의 keyCode 를 Windows VK 로 맞춘다.
+ *
+ * keyCode 는 수정자를 좌/우 구분 없이 16/17/18 로 주는데 카탈로그는 좌/우 코드만 담고 있다.
+ * location 으로 보정하지 않으면 수정자 단독 바인딩이 전부 unknown-key 로 거부된다.
+ */
+function resolveKeyCode(event: KeyboardEvent): number {
+  const code = event.keyCode || event.which
+  const right = event.location === 2
+  if (code === 16) return right ? VK.ShiftRight : VK.ShiftLeft
+  if (code === 17) return right ? VK.CtrlRight : VK.CtrlLeft
+  if (code === 18) return right ? VK.AltRight : VK.AltLeft
+  // macOS 오른쪽 Command 는 93 으로 온다 (Windows 의 93 은 ContextMenu 라 구분이 필요하다).
+  if (code === 93 && right) return VK.MetaRight
+  return code
+}
+
+/**
+ * 눌린 키들 → 바인딩.
+ *
+ * 주 키는 수정자가 아닌 키가 있으면 그것, 없으면 **가장 나중에 누른** 수정자다.
+ * "Ctrl 누른 채 오른쪽 Alt" 가 `Ctrl + Right Alt` 로 잡히려면 마지막 것이어야 한다.
+ */
+function buildBinding(codes: readonly number[], mods: ModifierState): KeyBinding | null {
+  if (codes.length === 0) return null
+  const main = codes.find((code) => !isModifierKeyCode(code)) ?? codes[codes.length - 1]
+  return normalizeBinding({ device: 'keyboard', code: main, ...mods })
+}
+
+function probeBinding(slot: ModifierSlot): KeyBinding {
+  return {
+    device: 'keyboard',
+    code: VK.F1,
+    ctrl: slot === 'ctrl',
+    alt: slot === 'alt',
+    shift: slot === 'shift',
+    meta: slot === 'meta',
+  }
+}
+
+/** 수정자 토글에 붙일 표기 — 플랫폼 표기 규칙도 코어가 정본이다. */
+function modifierLabel(slot: ModifierSlot, platform: BindingPlatform): string {
+  return formatBindingSegments(probeBinding(slot), platform)[0]?.label ?? ''
+}
+
+interface KeyBindingPickerProps {
+  open: boolean
+  actionId: KeyBindingActionId
+  /** 이 액션에 이미 걸려 있는 바인딩 — 같은 것을 두 번 추가하지 못하게 한다. */
+  existingBindings: readonly KeyBinding[]
+  onClose: () => void
+  onConfirm: (binding: KeyBinding) => void
+}
+
+export function KeyBindingPicker({
+  open,
+  actionId,
+  existingBindings,
+  onClose,
+  onConfirm,
+}: KeyBindingPickerProps): React.ReactElement {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const platform = getPlatform()
+
+  const [mode, setMode] = useState<PickerMode>('record')
+  const [recorded, setRecorded] = useState<KeyBinding | null>(null)
+  const [preview, setPreview] = useState<KeyBinding | null>(null)
+  const [listEntry, setListEntry] = useState<KeyCatalogEntry | null>(null)
+  const [listMods, setListMods] = useState<ModifierState>(NO_MODIFIERS)
+  const [remote, setRemote] = useState<KeyBindingValidationResult | null>(null)
+  const [remotePending, setRemotePending] = useState(false)
+
+  const pressedRef = useRef<Set<number>>(new Set())
+  const modsRef = useRef<ModifierState>(NO_MODIFIERS)
+  const pendingRef = useRef<{ codes: number[]; binding: KeyBinding } | null>(null)
+  const commitTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null)
+
+  const clearCommitTimer = useCallback(() => {
+    if (commitTimerRef.current !== null) {
+      clearTimeout(commitTimerRef.current)
+      commitTimerRef.current = null
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const resetRecording = useCallback(() => {
+    clearCommitTimer()
+    pressedRef.current.clear()
+    modsRef.current = NO_MODIFIERS
+    pendingRef.current = null
+    setRecorded(null)
+    setPreview(null)
+  }, [clearCommitTimer])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) return
+    setMode('record')
+    setListEntry(null)
+    setListMods(NO_MODIFIERS)
+    setRemote(null)
+    setRemotePending(false)
+    resetRecording()
+  }, [open, actionId, resetRecording])
+
+  useEffect(() => clearCommitTimer, [clearCommitTimer])
+
+  // ── 키보드 녹화 ────────────────────────────────────────
+  const handleKeyDown = useCallback(
+    (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (recorded !== null) return
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.stopPropagation()
+      clearCommitTimer()
+
+      const code = resolveKeyCode(event)
+      if (pressedRef.current.has(code)) return
+      pressedRef.current.add(code)
+      modsRef.current = {
+        ctrl: event.ctrlKey,
+        alt: event.altKey,
+        shift: event.shiftKey,
+        meta: event.metaKey,
+      }
+
+      const codes = [...pressedRef.current]
+      const binding = buildBinding(codes, modsRef.current)
+      if (binding === null) return
+      pendingRef.current = { codes, binding }
+      setPreview(binding)
+
+      // 수정자가 아닌 키가 들어오면 조합이 완성된 것이므로 즉시 확정한다.
+      if (!isModifierKeyCode(code)) setRecorded(binding)
+    },
+    [recorded, clearCommitTimer]
+  )
+
+  const handleKeyUp = useCallback(
+    (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (recorded !== null) return
+      pressedRef.current.delete(resolveKeyCode(event))
+      if (pressedRef.current.size > 0) return
+
+      const pending = pendingRef.current
+      if (pending === null) return
+      // 수정자만 눌렸다 놓인 경우에만 지연 확정한다. 그 사이 다른 키를 누르면 타이머가 취소되고
+      // 조합키로 확장된다.
+      if (!pending.codes.every(isModifierKeyCode)) return
+
+      clearCommitTimer()
+      commitTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
+        setRecorded(pending.binding)
+        commitTimerRef.current = null
+      }, MODIFIER_COMMIT_DELAY_MS)
+    },
+    [recorded, clearCommitTimer]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // 목록 탭에서는 검색 인풋에 타이핑해야 하므로 캡처를 걸지 않는다.
+    if (!open || mode !== 'record') return
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown, true)
+    window.addEventListener('keyup', handleKeyUp, true)
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown, true)
+      window.removeEventListener('keyup', handleKeyUp, true)
+    }
+  }, [open, mode, handleKeyDown, handleKeyUp])
+
+  // ── 마우스 녹화 ────────────────────────────────────────
+  const handleMouseDown = useCallback(
+    (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+      if (recorded !== null) return
+      const code = BROWSER_BUTTON_TO_MOUSE[event.button]
+      if (code === undefined) return
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.stopPropagation()
+      clearCommitTimer()
+      pressedRef.current.clear()
+      pendingRef.current = null
+      setPreview(null)
+      setRecorded(
+        normalizeBinding({
+          device: 'mouse',
+          code,
+          ctrl: event.ctrlKey,
+          alt: event.altKey,
+          shift: event.shiftKey,
+          meta: event.metaKey,
+        })
+      )
+    },
+    [recorded, clearCommitTimer]
+  )
+
+  // ── 후보 바인딩과 검증 ─────────────────────────────────
+  const candidate = useMemo((): KeyBinding | null => {
+    if (mode === 'record') return recorded
+    if (listEntry === null) return null
+    return normalizeBinding({ device: listEntry.device, code: listEntry.code, ...listMods })
+  }, [mode, recorded, listEntry, listMods])
+
+  const localValidation = useMemo(
+    () => (candidate === null ? null : validateBinding(candidate)),
+    [candidate]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (candidate === null || localValidation === null || !localValidation.valid) {
+      setRemote(null)
+      setRemotePending(false)
+      return
+    }
+    let cancelled = false
+    setRemotePending(true)
+    void window.electronAPI.keybinding
+      .validate({ actionId, binding: candidate })
+      .then((result) => {
+        if (cancelled) return
+        setRemote(result.success ? result.data : null)
+        setRemotePending(false)
+      })
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [candidate, localValidation, actionId])
+
+  const conflicts = remote?.conflicts ?? []
+  const remoteValidation = remote?.validation ?? null
+  const isDuplicate =
+    candidate !== null && existingBindings.some((existing) => bindingsEqual(existing, candidate))
+  const rejectionKey = localValidation?.reasonKey ?? remoteValidation?.reasonKey ?? null
+  const warningKey = remoteValidation?.warningKey ?? localValidation?.warningKey ?? null
+  const canConfirm =
+    candidate !== null &&
+    !isDuplicate &&
+    localValidation?.valid === true &&
+    remoteValidation?.valid === true &&
+    conflicts.length === 0 &&
+    !remotePending
+
+  // ── 목록 탭 ────────────────────────────────────────────
+  const localizedLabels = useMemo(() => {
+    const out: Record<string, string> = {}
+    for (const entry of KEY_CATALOG) {
+      if (entry.labelKey === undefined) continue
+      out[`${entry.device}:${entry.code}`] = t(asTranslationKey(entry.labelKey))
+    }
+    return out
+  }, [t])
+
+  const entryText = useCallback(
+    (entry: KeyCatalogEntry): string =>
+      entry.labelKey === undefined ? entry.label : t(asTranslationKey(entry.labelKey)),
+    [t]
+  )
+
+  /** 키캡에 찍힐 표기 — formatBindingSegments() 가 확정 후에 쓰는 규칙과 같아야 한다. */
+  const entryKeycapText = useCallback(
+    (entry: KeyCatalogEntry): string => {
+      if (entry.labelKey !== undefined) return t(asTranslationKey(entry.labelKey))
+      return platform === 'darwin' ? (entry.macLabel ?? entry.label) : entry.label
+    },
+    [t, platform]
+  )
+
+  const actionSpec = findActionSpec(actionId)
+  const actionName = actionSpec === null ? '' : t(asTranslationKey(actionSpec.labelKey))
+
+  const handleConfirm = (): void => {
+    if (candidate === null || !canConfirm) return
+    onConfirm(candidate)
+    onClose()
+  }
+
+  const renderGroupSection = (params: AutocompleteRenderGroupParams): React.ReactElement => (
+    <li key={params.key}>
+      <Box
+        sx={{
+          position: 'sticky',
+          top: 0,
+          zIndex: 1,
+          px: 1.5,
+          py: 0.75,
+          bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
+          color: d3roPalette.text.label,
+          fontSize: d3roTypo.engrave.size,
+          fontWeight: 500,
+          letterSpacing: '0.1em',
+          textTransform: 'uppercase',
+          borderBottom: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.subtle}`,
+        }}
+      >
+        {t(
+          asTranslationKey(
+            KEY_CATALOG_GROUP_LABEL_KEYS[params.group as keyof typeof KEY_CATALOG_GROUP_LABEL_KEYS]
+          )
+        )}
+      </Box>
+      <Box component="ul" sx={{ p: 0, m: 0, listStyle: 'none' }}>
+        {params.children}
+      </Box>
+    </li>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog
+      open={open}
+      onClose={onClose}
+      maxWidth="xs"
+      fullWidth
+      data-testid="keybinding-picker"
+      disableEnforceFocus
+      disableRestoreFocus
+      PaperProps={{
+        sx: {
+          bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.chassis,
+          backgroundImage: 'none',
+          border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.subtle}`,
+          borderRadius: d3roRadius.card,
+        },
+      }}
+    >
+      <DialogTitle sx={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: d3roTypo.heading.size, pb: 1.5 }}>
+        {t('keybinding.ui.pickerTitle', { action: actionName })}
+      </DialogTitle>
+
+      <DialogContent sx={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 2, pb: 1 }}>
+        <Box
+          data-testid="keybinding-picker-tabs"
+          sx={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'center' }}
+        >
+          <SegmentControl<PickerMode>
+            value={mode}
+            onChange={setMode}
+            size="small"
+            options={[
+              { value: 'record', label: t('keybinding.ui.tabRecord'), icon: <Keyboard size={14} /> },
+              { value: 'list', label: t('keybinding.ui.tabList'), icon: <ListFilter size={14} /> },
+            ]}
+          />
+        </Box>
+
+        {mode === 'record' ? (
+          <Box
+            data-testid="keybinding-record-area"
+            onMouseDown={handleMouseDown}
+            onContextMenu={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
+            sx={{
+              border: `2px solid ${
+                rejectionKey !== null
+                  ? d3roPalette.tag.red
+                  : recorded !== null
+                    ? d3roPalette.tag.green
+                    : preview !== null
+                      ? d3roPalette.accent.main
+                      : d3roPalette.border.strong
+              }`,
+              borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
+              bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
+              p: 3,
+              minHeight: 104,
+              display: 'flex',
+              flexDirection: 'column',
+              alignItems: 'center',
+              justifyContent: 'center',
+              gap: 1.25,
+              cursor: 'pointer',
+              userSelect: 'none',
+              transition: 'border-color 0.2s ease',
+            }}
+          >
+            {candidate !== null ? (
+              <BindingKeycaps binding={candidate} size="lg" />
+            ) : preview !== null ? (
+              <BindingKeycaps binding={preview} size="lg" />
+            ) : (
+              <>
+                <MousePointerClick size={18} color={d3roPalette.accent.main} />
+                <Typography
+                  sx={{
+                    color: d3roPalette.accent.main,
+                    fontSize: d3roTypo.compact.size,
+                    textAlign: 'center',
+                  }}
+                >
+                  {t('keybinding.ui.pressKeys')}
+                </Typography>
+              </>
+            )}
+          </Box>
+        ) : (
+          <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 1.75 }}>
+            <Box
+              sx={{
+                border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.default}`,
+                borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
+                bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
+                px: 2,
+                py: 1.75,
+                display: 'flex',
+                flexDirection: 'column',
+                gap: 1.25,
+              }}
+            >
+              <Typography
+                sx={{
+                  color: d3roPalette.text.label,
+                  fontSize: d3roTypo.engrave.size,
+                  letterSpacing: '0.1em',
+                  textTransform: 'uppercase',
+                }}
+              >
+                {t('keybinding.ui.modifiers')}
+              </Typography>
+              <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', gap: 1, flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
+                {MODIFIER_SLOTS.map((slot) => {
+                  const active = listMods[slot]
+                  return (
+                    <ButtonBase
+                      key={slot}
+                      onClick={() => setListMods((prev) => ({ ...prev, [slot]: !prev[slot] }))}
+                      sx={{
+                        borderRadius: d3roRadius.xs,
+                        px: 1.25,
+                        height: 30,
+                        fontFamily: d3roFontMono,
+                        fontSize: d3roTypo.small.size,
+                        fontWeight: 500,
+                        letterSpacing: '0.04em',
+                        color: active ? d3roPalette.text.primary : d3roPalette.text.inactive,
+                        bgcolor: active ? d3roPalette.accent.dim : d3roPalette.bg.chassis,
+                        border: `1px solid ${
+                          active ? d3roPalette.accent.main : d3roPalette.border.default
+                        }`,
+                        boxShadow: active ? d3roShadow.inset : 'none',
+                        transition: 'all 0.15s ease',
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      {modifierLabel(slot, platform)}
+                    </ButtonBase>
+                  )
+                })}
+              </Box>
+              <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1, minHeight: 30 }}>
+                <Typography
+                  sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.inactive, fontSize: d3roTypo.small.size }}
+                >
+                  {t('keybinding.ui.selectedKey')}
+                </Typography>
+                {candidate !== null && <BindingKeycaps binding={candidate} size="md" />}
+              </Box>
+            </Box>
+
+            <Autocomplete<KeyCatalogEntry, false, false, false>
+              open
+              options={CATALOG_OPTIONS as KeyCatalogEntry[]}
+              value={listEntry}
+              onChange={(_, value) => setListEntry(value)}
+              groupBy={(option) => option.group}
+              getOptionLabel={entryText}
+              getOptionDisabled={(option) => option.disabledReasonKey !== undefined}
+              isOptionEqualToValue={(a, b) => a.device === b.device && a.code === b.code}
+              filterOptions={(_, state) =>
+                [...searchKeyCatalog(state.inputValue, localizedLabels)].sort(byGroupOrder)
+              }
+              noOptionsText={t('keybinding.ui.searchEmpty')}
+              renderGroup={renderGroupSection}
+              renderOption={(props, option) => {
+                const { key, ...liProps } = props
+                const keycapText = entryKeycapText(option)
+                // 키캡에 찍히는 표기와 다를 때만 로케일 무관 원표기를 보조로 보여준다.
+                const secondary = keycapText === option.label ? null : option.label
+                return (
+                  <Box
+                    component="li"
+                    key={key}
+                    {...liProps}
+                    data-testid="keybinding-key-option"
+                    sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1.25, py: 0.75 }}
+                  >
+                    <Keycap size="sm" muted={option.disabledReasonKey !== undefined}>
+                      {keycapText}
+                    </Keycap>
+                    <Typography
+                      sx={{
+                        flex: 1,
+                        minWidth: 0,
+                        fontSize: d3roTypo.small.size,
+                        color: d3roPalette.text.secondary,
+                        overflow: 'hidden',
+                        textOverflow: 'ellipsis',
+                        whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      {secondary}
+                    </Typography>
+                    {option.disabledReasonKey !== undefined && (
+                      <Typography
+                        sx={{ fontSize: d3roTypo.nano.size, color: d3roPalette.text.disabled }}
+                      >
+                        {t(asTranslationKey(option.disabledReasonKey))}
+                      </Typography>
+                    )}
+                  </Box>
+                )
+              }}
+              renderInput={(params) => (
+                <TextField
+                  {...params}
+                  size="small"
+                  autoFocus
+                  data-testid="keybinding-search"
+                  placeholder={t('keybinding.ui.search')}
+                />
+              )}
+              slotProps={{
+                popper: { placement: 'bottom-start', modifiers: [{ name: 'flip', enabled: false }] },
+                paper: {
+                  sx: {
+                    bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.chassis,
+                    backgroundImage: 'none',
+                    border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.border.default}`,
+                    borderRadius: d3roRadius.inner,
+                    boxShadow: d3roShadow.card,
+                  },
+                },
+                listbox: { sx: { maxHeight: 260, py: 0 } },
+              }}
+            />
+          </Box>
+        )}
+
+        <Box sx={{ minHeight: 34, display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 0.5 }}>
+          {rejectionKey !== null && (
+            <Typography
+              data-testid="keybinding-rejection"
+              sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.red, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}
+            >
+              {t(asTranslationKey(rejectionKey))}
+            </Typography>
+          )}
+          {isDuplicate && (
+            <Typography
+              data-testid="keybinding-rejection"
+              sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.red, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}
+            >
+              {t('keybinding.ui.duplicate')}
+            </Typography>
+          )}
+          {conflicts.map((conflict) => {
+            const spec = findActionSpec(conflict.actionId)
+            return (
+              <Typography
+                key={conflict.actionId}
+                data-testid="keybinding-rejection"
+                sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.red, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}
+              >
+                {t('keybinding.ui.conflictWith', {
+                  action: spec === null ? conflict.actionId : t(asTranslationKey(spec.labelKey)),
+                })}
+              </Typography>
+            )
+          })}
+          {rejectionKey === null && warningKey !== null && (
+            <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.tag.orange, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}>
+              {t(asTranslationKey(warningKey))}
+            </Typography>
+          )}
+          {mode === 'record' && candidate === null && (
+            <Typography sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.muted, fontSize: d3roTypo.meta.size }}>
+              {t('keybinding.ui.recordHint')}
+            </Typography>
+          )}
+        </Box>
+      </DialogContent>
+
+      <DialogActions sx={{ px: 3, pb: 2.5, gap: 1 }}>
+        <PhysicalButton
+          tone="ghost"
+          data-testid="keybinding-cancel"
+          onClick={onClose}
+          sx={{ height: 34 }}
+        >
+          {t('common.cancel')}
+        </PhysicalButton>
+        {mode === 'record' && recorded !== null && (
+          <PhysicalButton
+            tone="glass"
+            data-testid="keybinding-record-again"
+            onClick={resetRecording}
+            sx={{ height: 34 }}
+          >
+            {t('keybinding.ui.recordAgain')}
+          </PhysicalButton>
+        )}
+        <PhysicalButton
+          tone="accent"
+          data-testid="keybinding-confirm"
+          onClick={handleConfirm}
+          disabled={!canConfirm}
+          sx={{ height: 34 }}
+        >
+          {t('common.save')}
+        </PhysicalButton>
+      </DialogActions>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/Keycap.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/Keycap.tsx
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/Keycap.tsx
+// 키캡 표기 SSOT. 대시보드 · 설정 · 피커가 전부 이 컴포넌트로 키를 그린다.
+//
+// 표기할 문자열은 @d3ro/core/keybinding 의 formatBindingSegments() 가 정본이다 —
+// 여기서는 그리기만 한다.
+
+import { Box } from '@mui/material'
+import { d3roFontMono, d3roPalette, d3roRadius, d3roShadow, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
+import { useI18n } from '@d3ro/i18n'
+import type { BindingSegment, KeyBinding } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { formatBindingSegments, joinBindingSegments } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+import { getPlatform } from '../../utils/format-hotkey'
+import { asTranslationKey } from './translation-key'
+
+export type KeycapSize = 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg'
+
+const SIZE_SPEC = {
+  sm: { height: 22, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size, px: 0.85, radius: d3roRadius.xs },
+  md: { height: 28, fontSize: d3roTypo.small.size, px: 1.1, radius: d3roRadius.xs },
+  lg: { height: 38, fontSize: d3roTypo.body.size, px: 1.6, radius: d3roRadius.small },
+} as const
+
+interface KeycapProps {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  size?: KeycapSize
+  /** 선택 불가 항목을 흐리게 표시 */
+  muted?: boolean
+}
+
+export function Keycap({ children, size = 'md', muted = false }: KeycapProps): React.ReactElement {
+  const spec = SIZE_SPEC[size]
+  return (
+    <Box
+      component="span"
+      sx={{
+        display: 'inline-flex',
+        alignItems: 'center',
+        justifyContent: 'center',
+        flexShrink: 0,
+        height: spec.height,
+        px: spec.px,
+        borderRadius: spec.radius,
+        bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
+        border: `1px solid ${
+          muted ? d3roPalette.border.subtle : d3roPalette.glass.hairlineStrong
+        }`,
+        boxShadow: muted ? 'none' : d3roShadow.inset,
+        fontFamily: d3roFontMono,
+        fontSize: spec.fontSize,
+        fontWeight: 500,
+        letterSpacing: '0.04em',
+        lineHeight: 1,
+        whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
+        color: muted ? d3roPalette.text.disabled : d3roPalette.text.primary,
+      }}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </Box>
+  )
+}
+
+/** 세그먼트 하나를 표시 문자열로 — i18nKey 가 있으면 번역이 우선이다. */
+function useSegmentText(): (segment: BindingSegment) => string {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  return (segment) =>
+    segment.i18nKey === undefined ? segment.label : t(asTranslationKey(segment.i18nKey))
+}
+
+/** 바인딩 하나 → 결합된 한 줄 문자열. 접근성 라벨 · 본문 문구용. */
+export function useBindingLabel(): (binding: KeyBinding | null) => string {
+  const segmentText = useSegmentText()
+  const platform = getPlatform()
+  return (binding) =>
+    joinBindingSegments(formatBindingSegments(binding, platform).map(segmentText), platform)
+}
+
+interface BindingKeycapsProps {
+  binding: KeyBinding
+  size?: KeycapSize
+  muted?: boolean
+}
+
+/** 바인딩 하나 → 키캡 나열. Windows/Linux 는 키캡 사이에 `+` 를 넣는다. */
+export function BindingKeycaps({
+  binding,
+  size = 'md',
+  muted = false,
+}: BindingKeycapsProps): React.ReactElement {
+  const segmentText = useSegmentText()
+  const platform = getPlatform()
+  const segments = formatBindingSegments(binding, platform)
+  const showSeparator = platform !== 'darwin'
+
+  return (
+    <Box sx={{ display: 'inline-flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: showSeparator ? 0.5 : 0.35 }}>
+      {segments.map((segment, index) => (
+        <Box
+          key={`${segment.i18nKey ?? segment.label}-${index}`}
+          sx={{ display: 'inline-flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: showSeparator ? 0.5 : 0.35 }}
+        >
+          {index > 0 && showSeparator && (
+            <Box
+              component="span"
+              sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.dimLabel, fontSize: d3roTypo.label.size }}
+            >
+              +
+            </Box>
+          )}
+          <Keycap size={size} muted={muted}>
+            {segmentText(segment)}
+          </Keycap>
+        </Box>
+      ))}
+    </Box>
+  )
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/translation-key.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/translation-key.ts
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// apps/desktop/src/renderer/components/keybinding/translation-key.ts
+// @d3ro/core/keybinding 은 i18n 키를 평범한 문자열로 노출한다(코어가 로케일 패키지에 의존하지
+// 않게 하려는 의도). t() 에 넘기는 경계에서만 TranslationKey 로 좁힌다.
+
+import type { TranslationKey } from '@d3ro/i18n'
+
+export function asTranslationKey(key: string): TranslationKey {
+  return key as TranslationKey
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyBindingMap.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyBindingMap.ts
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// apps/desktop/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyBindingMap.ts
+// 렌더러 쪽 바인딩 맵 캐시.
+//
+// 액션마다 KeyBindingField 가 하나씩 붙으므로 컴포넌트별로 getMap() 을 부르면 같은 맵을
+// 액션 수만큼 가져오게 된다. 구독을 모듈 스코프에 한 벌만 두고 changed 이벤트로 갱신한다.
+
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+import type { KeyBindingMap } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'
+
+type Listener = (map: KeyBindingMap) => void
+
+let cached: KeyBindingMap | null = null
+let subscribed = false
+const listeners = new Set<Listener>()
+
+function publish(map: KeyBindingMap): void {
+  cached = map
+  for (const listener of listeners) listener(map)
+}
+
+function ensureSubscribed(): void {
+  if (subscribed) return
+  subscribed = true
+  window.electronAPI.keybinding.onChanged((event) => publish(event.map))
+  void window.electronAPI.keybinding.getMap().then((result) => {
+    if (result.success) publish(result.data)
+  })
+}
+
+/** 맵이 아직 도착하지 않았으면 null. */
+export function useKeyBindingMap(): KeyBindingMap | null {
+  const [map, setMap] = useState<KeyBindingMap | null>(cached)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    listeners.add(setMap)
+    ensureSubscribed()
+    if (cached !== null) setMap(cached)
+    return () => {
+      listeners.delete(setMap)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return map
+}
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/pages/DashboardPage.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/pages/DashboardPage.tsx
@ -33,12 +33,13 @@ import {
  AudioVisualizerBar,
 } from '@d3ro/ui/components/ds'
 import { EmptyStateCard, HistoryEntryCard } from '../components/shared'
-import { d3roPalette, d3roFontSans, d3roFontMono, d3roRadius, d3roShadow, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
+import { d3roPalette, d3roFontSans, d3roFontMono, d3roRadius, d3roTypo } from '@d3ro/ui/theme'
 import { useI18n } from '@d3ro/i18n'
 import { formatRecordingTime, formatRecordingTimeUnit, formatNumber, getDateKey } from '../utils/formatters'
-import { formatHotkeyLabel } from '../utils/format-hotkey'
+import { BindingKeycaps } from '../components/keybinding/Keycap'
+import { useKeyBindingMap } from '../hooks/useKeyBindingMap'
 import { FileDropZone } from '../components/FileDropZone'
-import type { StatsSummary, HistoryEntry, HotkeyBinding, CaptionState, LicenseTier, UsageQuota } from '@d3ro/core/types'
+import type { StatsSummary, HistoryEntry, CaptionState, LicenseTier, UsageQuota } from '@d3ro/core/types'

 /** 카드 섹션 헤더 (제목 + 우측 액세서리) — 헤어라인 하단 구분 */
 function CardHeader({
@ -100,7 +101,8 @@ export function DashboardPage(): React.ReactElement {
  const [history, setHistory] = useState<HistoryEntry[]>([])
  const [ollamaConnected, setOllamaConnected] = useState(false)
  const [llmModel, setLlmModel] = useState<string | null>(null)
-  const [dictationBinding, setDictationBinding] = useState<HotkeyBinding | null>(null)
+  const bindingMap = useKeyBindingMap()
+  const dictationBinding = bindingMap?.dictation[0] ?? null
  const [captionState, setCaptionState] = useState<CaptionState>('inactive')
  const [audioLevel, setAudioLevel] = useState(0)
  const audioDecayRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null>(null)
@ -122,9 +124,6 @@ export function DashboardPage(): React.ReactElement {
    window.electronAPI.history.getAll({ page: 0, pageSize: 10, sortOrder: 'desc' }).then((r) => {
      if (r.success) setHistory(r.data.entries)
    })
-    window.electronAPI.hotkey.getDictationShortcut().then((r) => {
-      if (r.success && r.data) setDictationBinding(r.data)
-    })
    window.electronAPI.caption.getState().then((r) => {
      if (r.success) setCaptionState(r.data)
    })
@ -145,8 +144,8 @@ export function DashboardPage(): React.ReactElement {
    const unsub = window.electronAPI.app.onDataChanged(() => {
      loadData()
    })
-    const unsubCaption = window.electronAPI.caption.onStateChanged((state) => {
-      setCaptionState(state)
+    const unsubCaption = window.electronAPI.caption.onStateChanged((e) => {
+      setCaptionState(e.state)
    })
    const unsubAudio = window.electronAPI.voice.onAudioLevel((e) => {
      setAudioLevel(e.level)
@ -272,27 +271,9 @@ export function DashboardPage(): React.ReactElement {

            <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1.25, mb: 2.5, flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
              <PhosphorText variant="body" sx={{ color: d3roPalette.text.secondary }}>
-                {dictationBinding ? t('dashboard.pressToRecord', { key: '' }) : t('dashboard.hotkeyNotSet')}
+                {dictationBinding ? t('keybinding.ui.pressToRecord') : t('dashboard.hotkeyNotSet')}
              </PhosphorText>
-              {dictationBinding && (
-                <Box
-                  sx={{
-                    px: 1.25,
-                    py: 0.35,
-                    borderRadius: d3roRadius.xs,
-                    bgcolor: d3roPalette.bg.inset,
-                    border: `1px solid ${d3roPalette.glass.hairlineStrong}`,
-                    boxShadow: d3roShadow.inset,
-                    fontFamily: d3roFontMono,
-                    fontSize: '12px',
-                    fontWeight: 500,
-                    color: d3roPalette.accent.light,
-                    letterSpacing: '0.04em',
-                  }}
-                >
-                  {formatHotkeyLabel(dictationBinding).toUpperCase()}
-                </Box>
-              )}
+              {dictationBinding && <BindingKeycaps binding={dictationBinding} size="sm" />}
            </Box>

            <Box sx={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 1.5 }}>
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/utils/format-hotkey.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/utils/format-hotkey.ts
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 // apps/desktop/src/renderer/utils/format-hotkey.ts
-// HotkeyBinding → 플랫폼별 표시 라벨 (segments + 결합 문자열).
-// macOS: ⌘/⌥/⌃/⇧ + key, Windows/Linux: Ctrl/Alt/Win/Shift + key.
+// 렌더러가 실행 중인 플랫폼을 알아내는 얇은 어댑터.
 //
-// 기존 binding.displayLabel은 키 녹화 시 만들어진 정적 문자열이라
-// 플랫폼이 다르면 잘못 보임 — 이 헬퍼가 단일 진입점.
+// 키 이름 · 수정자 표기 · 결합 규칙의 정본은 @d3ro/core/keybinding 이다
+// (formatBindingSegments / joinBindingSegments). 매핑 테이블을 여기에 두지 않는다.

-import type { HotkeyBinding } from '@d3ro/core/types'
+import type { BindingPlatform } from '@d3ro/core/keybinding'

-export type Platform = 'darwin' | 'win32' | 'linux'
+export type Platform = BindingPlatform

 export function getPlatform(): Platform {
  const p = (window as { electronAPI?: { platform?: string } }).electronAPI?.platform
@ -16,104 +15,3 @@ export function getPlatform(): Platform {
  if (typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /Mac/i.test(navigator.platform)) return 'darwin'
  return 'win32'
 }
-
-// keyCode → 키명. Windows VK_* 기준 + 일부 macOS 분기.
-export function keyCodeToName(keyCode: number, platform: Platform = getPlatform()): string {
-  // Modifier 표기 — 플랫폼별
-  if (platform === 'darwin') {
-    if (keyCode === 16 || keyCode === 160 || keyCode === 161) return '⇧'
-    if (keyCode === 17 || keyCode === 162 || keyCode === 163) return '⌃'
-    if (keyCode === 18 || keyCode === 164 || keyCode === 165) return '⌥'
-    if (keyCode === 91 || keyCode === 92) return '⌘'
-  } else {
-    if (keyCode === 16 || keyCode === 160 || keyCode === 161) return 'Shift'
-    if (keyCode === 17 || keyCode === 162 || keyCode === 163) return 'Ctrl'
-    if (keyCode === 18 || keyCode === 164 || keyCode === 165) return 'Alt'
-    if (keyCode === 91 || keyCode === 92) return 'Win'
-  }
-
-  // 공통 키
-  switch (keyCode) {
-    case 8: return 'Backspace'
-    case 9: return 'Tab'
-    case 13: return platform === 'darwin' ? '↩' : 'Enter'
-    case 19: return 'Pause'
-    case 20: return 'CapsLock'
-    case 27: return 'Esc'
-    case 32: return 'Space'
-    case 33: return 'PgUp'
-    case 34: return 'PgDn'
-    case 35: return 'End'
-    case 36: return 'Home'
-    case 37: return '←'
-    case 38: return '↑'
-    case 39: return '→'
-    case 40: return '↓'
-    case 45: return 'Insert'
-    case 46: return platform === 'darwin' ? '⌫' : 'Delete'
-    case 186: return ';'
-    case 187: return '='
-    case 188: return ','
-    case 189: return '-'
-    case 190: return '.'
-    case 191: return '/'
-    case 192: return '`'
-    case 219: return '['
-    case 220: return '\\'
-    case 221: return ']'
-    case 222: return "'"
-    default: break
-  }
-
-  // F1~F24
-  if (keyCode >= 112 && keyCode <= 135) return `F${keyCode - 111}`
-  // Numpad
-  if (keyCode >= 96 && keyCode <= 105) return `Num${keyCode - 96}`
-  // 알파벳/숫자
-  if ((keyCode >= 48 && keyCode <= 57) || (keyCode >= 65 && keyCode <= 90)) {
-    return String.fromCharCode(keyCode)
-  }
-
-  return `Key${keyCode}`
-}
-
-/**
- * binding을 플랫폼별 segment 배열로 변환.
- * 예) Mac: ['⌘', '⇧', '1'],  Win: ['Win', 'Shift', '1']
- *
- * 순서:
- * - macOS: ⌃ ⌥ ⇧ ⌘ + key (Apple 표준)
- * - Win/Linux: Ctrl Win Alt Shift + key
- */
-export function formatHotkeySegments(binding: HotkeyBinding | null): string[] {
-  if (!binding) return []
-  const platform = getPlatform()
-  const segments: string[] = []
-
-  if (platform === 'darwin') {
-    if (binding.ctrl) segments.push('⌃')
-    if (binding.alt) segments.push('⌥')
-    if (binding.shift) segments.push('⇧')
-    if (binding.meta) segments.push('⌘')
-  } else {
-    if (binding.ctrl) segments.push('Ctrl')
-    if (binding.meta) segments.push('Win')
-    if (binding.alt) segments.push('Alt')
-    if (binding.shift) segments.push('Shift')
-  }
-
-  segments.push(keyCodeToName(binding.keyCode, platform))
-  return segments
-}
-
-/**
- * 사람이 읽기 위한 단일 문자열 형태.
- * macOS: '⌘⇧1' (구분자 없음 — Apple 표준)
- * Win/Linux: 'Ctrl + Shift + 1'
- */
-export function formatHotkeyLabel(binding: HotkeyBinding | null): string {
-  const segments = formatHotkeySegments(binding)
-  if (segments.length === 0) return ''
-  const platform = getPlatform()
-  return platform === 'darwin' ? segments.join('') : segments.join(' + ')
-}